The -for and Against Argument with Regards to Innate and...

Q.1 In your own words, detail the -for and against argument with regards to innate and learned behaviour. Feel free to include your own opinion, but be sure to justify it. Try to include an equal amount of information for the both sides. Use at least 500 words for your answer. For many years psychologists have been researching behaviour patterns from birth. This is where the ‘Nature’ vs ‘Nurture’ debate begins. Nativists believe that humans are born with various skills needed to survive, where as Empircist believe that humans acquire all or almost of all their behavioural traits from nurture. Some behaviours are innate, unlearned and instinctive. From the moment we are born there are instinctive motions that we do. An example of this†¦show more content†¦We were both encouraged to breast feed and having had daughters only a few months apart we shared the experience for a short period of time. My sister struggled, with my niece unable to latch onto her for several weeks. Feeding time soon became a very traumatic experience for both parties, however my daughter and I had a completely different experience. From the first feed we had success, it continued that way for many months. Later my sister learnt that her daughter had had ‘colic’, which is a condition in which an otherwise healthy baby cries or displays symptoms of distress frequently and for extended periods of time, without any discernible cause. With this information in mind, it left me wondering whether it in fact took my niece a longer period of time to learn how to breast feed, or if the natural motion was there but her colic condition prevented this from happening. Nurture, historically was referred to as the care given to children by their parents, with a mothers role being of particular importance. This term is now regarded as any environmental factor including external family, their peers, as well as extending influences such as media. BINNS (1965) demonstrated this experimentally. He studied babies less than 5 days old and found clear differences in a babies reactions to being suddenly disturbed. [ref1] (Ahrens 1954), stated that from the 2nd to the 7th month ofShow MoreRelated Are Criminals Born or Made? Essay1890 Words   |  8 Pagesbe in a constant state of anomie. However, there is still much dispute as to whether people are born, or made into criminals. This essay will discuss the arguments within this debate. To be ‘born’ criminal indicates a genetic heredity whereas if one is ‘made’; the environmental influences are the significant factor in creation of criminal behaviour. Despite much controversy surrounding the notion of inherited criminal tendencies, there is much evidence to support such theories. Although LombrosoRead MoreHow Children Learn Language1986 Words   |  8 Pageslanguage acquisition. The debate referred above is commonly called the â€Å"Nature versus Nurture† debate in psycholinguistics literature and Chomsky theory that fuelled the debate is his Nativism theory or Innate theory of language development. 2. THE NATURE VERSUS NURTURE DEBATE The nature against nurture debate centered around the polemic of whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to learning or nurture. The polemic is not new in that it has been discussed for centuries, for examplesRead MoreDiscuss the Nature-Nurture Debate in Relation to Individual Development (M1)2187 Words   |  9 Pagespsychology concerns, the basis of behaviour, specifically whether behaviour is innate i.e. genetically controlled, or whether it is learnt through the socio-cultural environment. This is often referred to as the Nature vs. Nurture debate. There are two main arguments on this issue. The ‘Nativist’ claims that all behaviour is innate believing that genes control the majority of animal behaviour. 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In this theory key characteristics of successful leaders were identified and this was eminent in certain individuals who had special innate qualities and characteristics that great social, political and military leaders possessed. This was used as a yardstick to differentiate them from non-leaders (Northouse, 2007). Though various scholars have presented findings on leadership traitsRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Notes4748 Words   |  19 PagesChapter 1 Read pages 4 – 6 and 22 for digital revolution Consumer behaviour is defined as the behaviour that consumers undertake in seeking, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their personal needs. Personal and organisational consumers (page 9) The personal consumer buys good and services for his or her own use, for use by the whole household, for another member of the household or as a gift for a friend. In all these contexts, theRead MoreInvestigating Crime and Relevant Issues Essay7311 Words   |  30 Pages psychodynamic approach. Biological Approach The biological approach focuses on how our brain structure, physiology and our chromosomal and genetic make up can affect our behaviour. It would suggest that our physiological components predispose us towards a certain type of behaviour. Lombroso’s Theory In the late eighteenth century a number of studies were carried out by phrenologists, who studied the shape and structure of the human head. They believed

Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee Free Essays

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 1.0 Introduction Christopher Lee is an immigrant designer from Malaysia. He was born and raised in Taiping Perak. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee or any similar topic only for you Order Now He graduated with AA Diplona ( honours ) from AA. Lee completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture and Urbanism from the Berlage Institute and TU Delft. His favourite designers are Rem Koolhaas, Kazuo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa. Chris Lee is the laminitis of SERIE ARCHITECTS based in London with his spouse Kapil Gupta. The house ‘s undertakings now span all over the universe with committees in India, China, Eastern Europe and United Kingdom. SERIE is known for their theoretical position that emphasizes the survey of edifice typologies and their development. The selected edifice to be discuss in this paper is Yan ZhenQing Museum which located in Linyi, Shandong Province, China. The museum is set on a hilly site with 8,265 square metre in Linyi. Yan ZhenQing was an of import calligraphist during eighth century who lived in Shandong Province in China. The museum house a aggregations of the calligraphist ‘s plants. In his calligraphic book has strong kernel of perpendicular element.The designer use the local civilization and the calligraphist ‘s character into the architecture. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the external contributing factors that affect in design schemes of the museum and its theories of architecture that applied in the design. The impact of clime, theories and societal civilization towards the edifice were investigated through a series of diagrams. 2.0 ANAYSIS 2.1 Climate Linyi has seasonal fluctuation clime with overheating hot, humid summer and underheating cold, dry winter. The clime affects constructing orientation, size and place of fenestration and facade stuffs. Yan ZhenQing Museum is placed on a series of three patios that rise somewhat above the topography that merged closely with the terrain of site. Each degree of patio contain marquees that placed following to each other along the terrain to minimise the E and west facade country in order to cut down the heat addition during the hot summer season. When the marquees are set following to each other, shaded countries are created between the passage infinites so the visitants feel more confidant with the environing landscape. At the exhibition marquees, the aggregations of artefacts are protected from direct sunshine. The solution is to make high ceiling with fanlights for the marquees to present natural daytime indirectly. The fanlights are unfastened up at the West like a paper tossing up from the surface. The daylight strength inside the edifice will alter throughout the twenty-four hours when the place of the Sun changed to enrich the poetic feeling in the museum. The marquees are largely cover up with solid wall with merely a few gaps. This is to forestall heat loss during the winter clip. The agreement of the marquees in a random mode like turn overing dies have high potency to capture more air current. Besides, it allows more air current to flux through the surrounding from multitude way. In comparing, edifice blocks that arranged in bunch mode restricted the air current to flux around the marquees. The marquees rise somewhat harmonizing to the topography besides helps to maximise the air current gaining control during summer as they did non blocked by opposite marquees. 2.2 SOCIAL CULTURE The interior layout of Yan ZhenQing Museum strongly reflects the ancient Chinese penmanship composing. The infinites were divided orderly into a grid mode even the orientation of the marquees do non emphasis on the orderly subject of the Chinese penmanship composing. Yan ZhenQing ‘s calligraphic book besides composed in a regular book. The designer wants to make a minimalist infinite with a simple layout to heighten the focal point on artefacts within a infinite. The exhibition hall can be define as a pure content and clear boundary line infinite with soft natural illuming from fanlight which allow the visitants to prosecute with the aggregations of art plants in a more poetic feeling. Furthermore, the reading subject of Chinese book besides influence the circulation of the museum. The Chinese books are read from right to go forth. So, the museum ‘s human circulation flow besides tour the visitants from the right to the left and across the marquees. The marquees were desi gned into a perfect square to reflect the Chinese regular book which is wrote in a regular column. The frontage of the marquees are fluted in a perpendicular manner to make a rhythmic form which similar to the calligraphic book perpendicular sequence. The form besides comparable to the traditional Chinese houses ceramic roofing tiles to offer a more cultural ambient to the museum. The spacial planning of the museum besides similar to the traditional Chinese Scholar ‘s Garden and Chinese Courtyard House which the most private infinites and cherished objects are ever placed at the deepest terminal of the edifice. In a bookman ‘s garden, an entryway hall for welcoming the visitants is the most public topographic point and following by several marquees and gardens before reach the heavenly hall. Celestial hall is a sacred topographic point that carry out ceremonial related to the sky or Eden. For the Chinese courtyard house, chief room was located at the deepest terminal of the house whereas the amah ‘s suites are placed at the. Yan ZhenQing museum besides apply the same rule by puting the artefacts at the last patio of marquees to tag it as the most of import topographic point in the museum. Ancient Chinese urban planning besides planned in a grid system and use same spacial planning. Imperial castle was placed at the in-between terminal of the metropolis and surrounded with the citizen with the separation of streets. In Yan ZhenQing museum, colonnade act as the threshold that connect the marquees and the gardens. In traditional bookman ‘s garden, marquees besides joint with colonnade to move as a threshold to link a infinite to another new infinite. The planning of the museum has adopted many local traditional civilization into the architecture. 2.3 Theory Critical regionalism provides architecture that meet the footings with modern and tradition. Chinese architecture has strong influenced by local civilisation particularly when planing museum. From the overview of Yan ZhenQing museum, particularly from the program of the undertaking, the construct of the museum someway similar to the traditional Chinese courtyard house. Traditional Chinese courtyard house had a front courtyard before come ining the secondary gate and a chief courtyard located in the center of the house to move as public infinite for the large unit. The courtyard becomes a infinite that nexus and keep the secondary infinites together as a whole construction. Yan ZhenQing museum has several courtyard gardens to emphasize the construct of local civilization. The courtyard gardens are set in between the marquees to work as public infinite for the visitants. The traditional courtyard house was walled to hold privateness and security intent. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides fram ed up by the long colonnades to give a clear boundary to the site. Yan ZhenQing Museum is nestled among the hills far off from the pandemonium of turning cities. In sing the harmonious of nature, the museum was designed in straightforward signifier to keep a cloistered quality, to intermix with the environing landscape. The marquees are rise somewhat following the terrain to do it look likes a portion of the landscape, set on the same plane with the terrain. The edifice ever has a clear boundary that lifts the edifice from the landscape to handle the edifice as a landscape and the feeling of walking along a garden way. Traditional monastery and garden besides nested far off from the bustle metropolis to accomplish a healing and brooding topographic point. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides has a great influence by modern architecture manner. The construct of the museum besides accent on the perpendicular and horizontal elements. The long colonnades that framed the marquees show a series of horizontal boxes from the program position. The extraneous form of the marquees has a really straightforward with its stuffs used with 90 grade at each borders. The marquees merely clad with ceramic tiles to convey out simpleness of the edifice that coherent with the echt aggregations of Yan ZhenQing calligraphic book which displayed in the marquees. Other than that, the intent of merely utilizing one stuff is to stand out the exhibit work instead than overpowering the infinite by the architecture. The frontages pattern mimicked the bold perpendicular shot of calligraphic book, and the roof line of the marquees and colonnades accent on light horizontal elements to equilibrate the nature. The frontage of the marquees are really simple and clear with its borders. Modern architecture stress on the simpleness of signifiers and extinguish unneeded item on the edifice. The combine of signifiers into beautiful wholes is one definition of architecture. ( Colin Davies,2011 ) . The museum was called as a whole constructing merely with including the courtyards and colonnades. The plans of the museum was collected by courtyards and colonnades. Visitors will travel through these courtyards both horizontally and vertically. The response and stores of the museum are located at the lowest patio, and the visitants will travel up to a patio with instruction and public installations, and make the exhibitions at the top degree. The colonnades serve as the chief circulation of the edifice and besides as a threshold for each marquees. When the visitants move along the colonnades, it show the horizontal circulation whereas when the visitants move from courtyard to courtyard, it is foregrounding on perpendicular motion. In another position, the museum is broke down into several blocks and arrange on different axes instead than a individual block like general museum. The gardens are enclosed within the asymmetrical infinites between the extraneous marquees, the program of the museum show the deconstructivism architecture. The fragment agreement leting the nature to contrast with architecture. The architecture of the museum is to show its withdrawal in the landscape and bordering the nature as a mention point on the site. The interior exhibition infinites besides divided into smaller extraneous infinites. When the marquees are shifted at different angle, the visitants come ining a new marquee from another marquee will experience new to the infinite as it is non a common agreement like the old one. Most of the exhibition suites are designed with high ceiling with fanlight, lit up the room with soft natural sunshine. The place of the interior sunshine beams besides varies. The in-between marquee has a b righter room if comparison to the another two next marquees. The fanlight of the in-between marquees are confronting straight to the eventide Sun. The design purpose is to offer the visitant a more broad screening of the work displayed with different angle of natural visible radiations and shadows. The overall scene of the marquees create a more poetic ambiance to the museum by deconstructivism architecture. 3.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors that affect the architecture of Yan ZhenQing Museum. The clime of the site affects the design of the edifice in footings of edifice orientation and fenestration. Sunlight is the most critical impact that impacting the design of the edifice. Skylights are used alternatively of window due to the protection of the aggregations in the marquees. The museum in China might portion the same features with other edifice, but architect demands to understand the civilization of the local context, and use the construct suitably with grounds. Christopher Lee says, â€Å"That is, you take the most common and do them special.† How to cite Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee, Free Case study samples Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee Free Essays Undertaking Speculating Architecture Introduction This undertaking attempts to convey an apprehension of architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his ego and edifices. Architecture and urban signifiers in relation to architectural theories is discussed in the undermentioned authorship. The relationship between architecture and its societal, cultural and rational context is besides analyzed and critiqued in the authorship to construe the architect’s architecture in relation to relevant theories within the modern-day. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee or any similar topic only for you Order Now Architect Christopher Lee is selected to discourse his architecture in relation with theories. He is the co-founder of Serie Architects, taking his design squad in London, Mumbai and Beijing together with his spouse Kapil Gupta, doing a grade for him all over the universe. He is a really experient international pattern based in London and has interesting working experience in his life of being a successful designer. His house involved in different undertaking all over the universe. Some representative plants of them include The Tote in India, BMW Olympic Pavilion in London, the Monsoon Club installing in United State and Yan ZhenQing Museum in China. Among Chris Lee’s popular plants, Aarvli Resort is selected to analyze and analyse its theories of architecture. Aarvli Resort is a 9000sqm Eco-resort, located within the Konkan seashore, the western coastline country of India. It is a new belongings of India by an International group of Resort, Formento Resorts. The sensitive design on the typography is the chief topographic point of this resort. The resort is presently afoot as of last month of building. Climate Aarvli resort, an Eco-resort, has designed responsively to the local clime of Goa, India. Goa, the smallest province in India by country, enjoys a tropical monsoon clime under the Koppen clime categorization that features a hot and humid conditions for most of the twelvemonth with two distinguishable seasons, the dry season and the monsoon season. As to plan the construction closely follow the contours of its mountain-side scene, the edifice has a compelling curvilineal program. The longitudinal lift of edifice is orientated to East and West to acquire the maximal usage of natural visible radiation. Due to its curvilineal signifier, the lifts of edifice are every bit exposed to maximum sunshine. However, Chris Lee has efficaciously uses the nature elements on site to minimise the heat addition to its edifice. Vegetation on site has shaded non merely the lift of edifice, it provides greenery position towards the suites and public infinites of the resort, gives merger of interior and exterior. Effective usage of courtyards and fanlight within the curvilinear program besides introduces indirect visible radiation into interior infinite, increases the light quality of infinites. The staggered placement of undulating landscape roof plane provides shadowing for lower rooftops and cut down solar addition, insulates from internal heat lose. Goa goes through the monsoon season at the center of twelvemonth, June till September. The degree of critical tropical conditions is reduced particularly July which the metropolis gets non more than three hours of sunshine per twenty-four hours. The metropolis receives maximal rainfall throughout the twelvemonth and pushes humidness up. The smooth curve signifier program which portion of the roof merged into the landscape equipped the roof with ‘nature gutter’ , reassigning the rain H2O flow to landscape environing during this season, with the aid of proper drainage system every bit good. Plants of green roof besides act as H2O soaking up every bit good as humid soaking up during this moisture and humid season of Goa. The typography of Maharashtra Coastal creates the phenomena of land and sea zephyr. Chris Lee has deliberated this natural phenomenon into his design. Round courtyard is designed to pull sea zephyr from west lift, unfastened pool and landscape to air out the edifice during twenty-four hours clip. Curve signifier of roof designed follows the air current motion to guarantee land zephyr ventilates the inside through courtyards during dark clip. Theories: Critical Regionalism In Critical Analysis of â€Å"Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, the 5th point indicated civilization versus nature: Topography, Context, Climate, Light and Tectonic Form.â€Å"Critical regionalism should follow modern architecture, critically, for its cosmopolitan progressive qualities but at the same clip value should be placed on the geographical context of the building† ( Frampton, 1981 )Emphasis, Frampton ( 1981 ) says,should be on topography, clime, visible radiation ; on tectonic signifier instead than on scenography and should be on the sense of touch instead than ocular sense. In footings of civilization, the acceptance of local architecture layout has demonstrated in the planning of Aarvli Resort. In India traditional house Nakarattar house has inner and outer suites in the center of the program surrounded with few courtyards. Chris Lee imitates the similar form, Numberss of private invitee suites are planned together with an unfastened dining courtyard within a round layout of planning. Similar to Aarvli Town Hall, it is influenced by both Finnish slang architecture and the humanist Italian Renaissance. Aalto drew inspiration for the courtyard agreement in his edifice layout surrounded with the elevated courtyard. Building characteristics has been study to discourse on how these edifice designs has incorporated the civilization with its nature and environment. As Goa receives tropical weather’s which most of the months are exposed to sunlight, the acceptance of local architecture which courtyards and fanlights are features to present indirect sunshine into the enclosed inside. Enclosed private suites are planned in between the edifice to avoid direct heat addition from the conditions. While Saynatsalo town house located at Finland receives 4 seasons, Aalto has sufficient usage of fanlight to better the inside light quality during winter. â€Å"But underneath signifiers in all ages were certain conditions which determined the. In them allows all human spirit in agreement with which they came to be ; and where the signifiers were true signifiers, they will be found to be organic signifiers – an branch, in other words, of conditions of life and work they arose to express†Wright ( 1910 ) wrote on a monograph of his work published in Germany. Aarvli Resort defined as organic architecture non merely of its unstable signifier and curvilineal program, but besides on how the construction allows certain activities to take topographic point within in and around the environment of it. In-filled roof of Aarvli Resort looks like the construction is portion of the landscape. Chris Lee presents his edifice in wave-like sort of signifier as to unify context to the dramatically typography of Maharashtra. Chris Lee has sensitively taken consideration of nature context in footings of the circulation planning of the edifice . He plans that all public infinites include anteroom, dining country, and out-of-door activities are planned at ‘outer layer’ of the resort program to guarantee all infinites are surrounded by nature context, the flora and coastal. He wants to stress the interaction of nature with the inside, leting circulation to take topographic point in and around it. The Saynatsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto, is declared as organic architecture as good yet the edifice are purely rectilineal composings. The composing of Saynatsalo town house is performed in the manner of perpendicular and horizontal, following the verticalness of wooded hillside of Saynatsalo. He planned the private infinites, the flats, into the wooded hillside of Saynatsalo which does non let effectual circulation but provide good position to abodes of level. At the same clip public infinites include town hall, stores, and library are placed towards land land which provide equal circulation. Puting of courtyard as C entre of program besides provides public circulation within private territory. In comparison, both designers have planned the infinites respectfully with site typology. 2.3 Design Strategy: Typography Aarvli Resort is designed utilizing an advanced program that makes the construction blend in respectfully with the environing natural environment without giving the spacial qualities that allow visitants to bask their stay to the upper limit. Curvilineal circulation spinal column is used to specify a series of public and private infinite. As discussed in subject before, Chris Lee has take consideration of nature context into its circulation planning in the manner that public infinites surrounded by nature context and private infinites are placed in between to pull people to public infinites. The crystalline development of nature and construction offer the smooth experience of inside and outside to appreciate the natural environment. Round courtyards are designed as shaded dining and diversion country at the same clip blended with verdant hills to the E and South, conveying nature into the spaces.Sea-facing swimming pools and H2O characteristics allocated towards Arabian Sea allows bird’s-eye positions, creates the feeling of eternity pool. Green smooth-curvy roof is designed to synthesise the construction into contour of site, besides supplying better insularity and cut down heat addition. Due to the geographical status of Maharashtra Coastal, air current motions are different during twenty-four hours and dark, the land and sea zephyr. Design schemes have been carefully considered to to the full use the zephyr for both twenty-four hours and dark clip to air out the edifice. To acquire the maximal usage of sea zephyr during twenty-four hours clip, unfastened landscape and pools at the forepart of the resort, confronting towards Arabian Sea allows cool air to flux through the edifice. No constructions are built at the front lift to avoid any obstruction of air flow. Round unfastened dining courtyard at the dorsum of the edifice allows venturi consequence to air out the edifice efficaciously from forepart to back. On the other manus, land zephyr from hills draws into edifice throught the smooth curvey signifier of rooftop landscape into the courtyards and to better airing of interior infinites during dark clip. The maestro usage of nature airing has fulfilled its demand a s an Eco-resort. Discussion As Chris Lee travels a batch and educated in different cultural background since immature, he learnt that it is of import that architecture be at the same time relevant to its urban context, cultural and geographical status into his design. Together with the define of organic architecture of Wright, Chris Lee has demonstrated the 5th point of critical regionalism, civilization versus nature, follow cultural context and appreciate the natural environment together following modern architecture in most of his work design. In an statement of Chris Lee publication â€Å" Typological Urbanism† , he argue that â€Å"as metropoliss owe their chief characteristic to geographical and topographical conditions, and are ever linked to other metropoliss by trade and resources, they tend to specialise and organize a distinguishable character.† The usage of an advanced program in Aarvli Resort allows the creative activity of a edifice that is extremely respectful of its sensitive natur al context but that besides enjoys distinguishable spacial qualities that will do it a premium finish in the part ( Furuto, 2012 ) . Including the undertaking of Aarvli Resort that he adapted local civilization, he has lead his design squad, Serie Architect, in state of UK, India and China, planing non merely edifices and besides urban be aftering mentioning on the metropoliss characteristic and context. He ever make that his edifice are able to reflect the common architecture in a modern-day manner.â€Å"A metropolis is an accumulation of the accomplishments and battles of its citizens in reinforced signifier. This must be made seeable in an architecture that acts as an inclusive framework†described Chris Lee ( 2011 ) in his article â€Å"My sort of City† . He extremely appreciates the distinctive of the metropolis and translates the linguistic communication into his construction, stating the narrative of non merely the client, besides the nature and metropolis, givin g a perfect combination of these factors and linguistic communications in his work. As decision, Chris Lee theory of design is to interpret the common linguistic communication into his design and interpret it into a modern and modern-day manner of design at the same clip appreciate the typography as factor of his design. His design can be conclude that he has demonstrated the theory of civilization versus nature direct and indirectly with his ain definition of modern-day manner of design. 4.0 Mention Furuto, Alison. â€Å" Aarvli Resort / Serie Architects † 02 Nov 2012.ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Jun 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archdaily.com/ ? p=284569 Designboom ( 1999-2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designboom.com/copyright/ Serie Architect. ( 2012 ) â€Å"Aarvli Estates† Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.serie.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SerieArchitects-Aarvli-Estates-20121108.pdf Lee, C. ( June 2011 ) â€Å"My sort of city† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.architecturetoday.co.uk/ ? p=16420 Davies, Colin ( 2011 ) . Thinking about Architecture An Introduction to Architectural Theory. Laurence King Publishing, London. Jacoby, S. , A ; Lee, C. M. ( 2011 ) .Typological urbanism: projective metropoliss / guest-edited by Christopher CM Lee and Sam Jacoby. Chichester: Wiley, 2011. Kate, N. 1997. Speculating a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995. Princeton Architectural Press. New York. Frampton, K. â€Å"Towards a critical regionalism: Six Points for An Architectural of Resistance† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ahameri.com/cv/Courses/CU/Arch % 20in % 20Theory/Frampton.pdf How to cite Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee, Free Case study samples

Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee Free Essays

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 1.0 Introduction Christopher Lee is an immigrant designer from Malaysia. He was born and raised in Taiping Perak. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee or any similar topic only for you Order Now He graduated with AA Diplona ( honours ) from AA. Lee completed his Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture and Urbanism from the Berlage Institute and TU Delft. His favourite designers are Rem Koolhaas, Kazuo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa. Chris Lee is the laminitis of SERIE ARCHITECTS based in London with his spouse Kapil Gupta. The house ‘s undertakings now span all over the universe with committees in India, China, Eastern Europe and United Kingdom. SERIE is known for their theoretical position that emphasizes the survey of edifice typologies and their development. The selected edifice to be discuss in this paper is Yan ZhenQing Museum which located in Linyi, Shandong Province, China. The museum is set on a hilly site with 8,265 square metre in Linyi. Yan ZhenQing was an of import calligraphist during eighth century who lived in Shandong Province in China. The museum house a aggregations of the calligraphist ‘s plants. In his calligraphic book has strong kernel of perpendicular element.The designer use the local civilization and the calligraphist ‘s character into the architecture. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the external contributing factors that affect in design schemes of the museum and its theories of architecture that applied in the design. The impact of clime, theories and societal civilization towards the edifice were investigated through a series of diagrams. 2.0 ANAYSIS 2.1 Climate Linyi has seasonal fluctuation clime with overheating hot, humid summer and underheating cold, dry winter. The clime affects constructing orientation, size and place of fenestration and facade stuffs. Yan ZhenQing Museum is placed on a series of three patios that rise somewhat above the topography that merged closely with the terrain of site. Each degree of patio contain marquees that placed following to each other along the terrain to minimise the E and west facade country in order to cut down the heat addition during the hot summer season. When the marquees are set following to each other, shaded countries are created between the passage infinites so the visitants feel more confidant with the environing landscape. At the exhibition marquees, the aggregations of artefacts are protected from direct sunshine. The solution is to make high ceiling with fanlights for the marquees to present natural daytime indirectly. The fanlights are unfastened up at the West like a paper tossing up from the surface. The daylight strength inside the edifice will alter throughout the twenty-four hours when the place of the Sun changed to enrich the poetic feeling in the museum. The marquees are largely cover up with solid wall with merely a few gaps. This is to forestall heat loss during the winter clip. The agreement of the marquees in a random mode like turn overing dies have high potency to capture more air current. Besides, it allows more air current to flux through the surrounding from multitude way. In comparing, edifice blocks that arranged in bunch mode restricted the air current to flux around the marquees. The marquees rise somewhat harmonizing to the topography besides helps to maximise the air current gaining control during summer as they did non blocked by opposite marquees. 2.2 SOCIAL CULTURE The interior layout of Yan ZhenQing Museum strongly reflects the ancient Chinese penmanship composing. The infinites were divided orderly into a grid mode even the orientation of the marquees do non emphasis on the orderly subject of the Chinese penmanship composing. Yan ZhenQing ‘s calligraphic book besides composed in a regular book. The designer wants to make a minimalist infinite with a simple layout to heighten the focal point on artefacts within a infinite. The exhibition hall can be define as a pure content and clear boundary line infinite with soft natural illuming from fanlight which allow the visitants to prosecute with the aggregations of art plants in a more poetic feeling. Furthermore, the reading subject of Chinese book besides influence the circulation of the museum. The Chinese books are read from right to go forth. So, the museum ‘s human circulation flow besides tour the visitants from the right to the left and across the marquees. The marquees were desi gned into a perfect square to reflect the Chinese regular book which is wrote in a regular column. The frontage of the marquees are fluted in a perpendicular manner to make a rhythmic form which similar to the calligraphic book perpendicular sequence. The form besides comparable to the traditional Chinese houses ceramic roofing tiles to offer a more cultural ambient to the museum. The spacial planning of the museum besides similar to the traditional Chinese Scholar ‘s Garden and Chinese Courtyard House which the most private infinites and cherished objects are ever placed at the deepest terminal of the edifice. In a bookman ‘s garden, an entryway hall for welcoming the visitants is the most public topographic point and following by several marquees and gardens before reach the heavenly hall. Celestial hall is a sacred topographic point that carry out ceremonial related to the sky or Eden. For the Chinese courtyard house, chief room was located at the deepest terminal of the house whereas the amah ‘s suites are placed at the. Yan ZhenQing museum besides apply the same rule by puting the artefacts at the last patio of marquees to tag it as the most of import topographic point in the museum. Ancient Chinese urban planning besides planned in a grid system and use same spacial planning. Imperial castle was placed at the in-between terminal of the metropolis and surrounded with the citizen with the separation of streets. In Yan ZhenQing museum, colonnade act as the threshold that connect the marquees and the gardens. In traditional bookman ‘s garden, marquees besides joint with colonnade to move as a threshold to link a infinite to another new infinite. The planning of the museum has adopted many local traditional civilization into the architecture. 2.3 Theory Critical regionalism provides architecture that meet the footings with modern and tradition. Chinese architecture has strong influenced by local civilisation particularly when planing museum. From the overview of Yan ZhenQing museum, particularly from the program of the undertaking, the construct of the museum someway similar to the traditional Chinese courtyard house. Traditional Chinese courtyard house had a front courtyard before come ining the secondary gate and a chief courtyard located in the center of the house to move as public infinite for the large unit. The courtyard becomes a infinite that nexus and keep the secondary infinites together as a whole construction. Yan ZhenQing museum has several courtyard gardens to emphasize the construct of local civilization. The courtyard gardens are set in between the marquees to work as public infinite for the visitants. The traditional courtyard house was walled to hold privateness and security intent. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides fram ed up by the long colonnades to give a clear boundary to the site. Yan ZhenQing Museum is nestled among the hills far off from the pandemonium of turning cities. In sing the harmonious of nature, the museum was designed in straightforward signifier to keep a cloistered quality, to intermix with the environing landscape. The marquees are rise somewhat following the terrain to do it look likes a portion of the landscape, set on the same plane with the terrain. The edifice ever has a clear boundary that lifts the edifice from the landscape to handle the edifice as a landscape and the feeling of walking along a garden way. Traditional monastery and garden besides nested far off from the bustle metropolis to accomplish a healing and brooding topographic point. Yan ZhenQing Museum besides has a great influence by modern architecture manner. The construct of the museum besides accent on the perpendicular and horizontal elements. The long colonnades that framed the marquees show a series of horizontal boxes from the program position. The extraneous form of the marquees has a really straightforward with its stuffs used with 90 grade at each borders. The marquees merely clad with ceramic tiles to convey out simpleness of the edifice that coherent with the echt aggregations of Yan ZhenQing calligraphic book which displayed in the marquees. Other than that, the intent of merely utilizing one stuff is to stand out the exhibit work instead than overpowering the infinite by the architecture. The frontages pattern mimicked the bold perpendicular shot of calligraphic book, and the roof line of the marquees and colonnades accent on light horizontal elements to equilibrate the nature. The frontage of the marquees are really simple and clear with its borders. Modern architecture stress on the simpleness of signifiers and extinguish unneeded item on the edifice. The combine of signifiers into beautiful wholes is one definition of architecture. ( Colin Davies,2011 ) . The museum was called as a whole constructing merely with including the courtyards and colonnades. The plans of the museum was collected by courtyards and colonnades. Visitors will travel through these courtyards both horizontally and vertically. The response and stores of the museum are located at the lowest patio, and the visitants will travel up to a patio with instruction and public installations, and make the exhibitions at the top degree. The colonnades serve as the chief circulation of the edifice and besides as a threshold for each marquees. When the visitants move along the colonnades, it show the horizontal circulation whereas when the visitants move from courtyard to courtyard, it is foregrounding on perpendicular motion. In another position, the museum is broke down into several blocks and arrange on different axes instead than a individual block like general museum. The gardens are enclosed within the asymmetrical infinites between the extraneous marquees, the program of the museum show the deconstructivism architecture. The fragment agreement leting the nature to contrast with architecture. The architecture of the museum is to show its withdrawal in the landscape and bordering the nature as a mention point on the site. The interior exhibition infinites besides divided into smaller extraneous infinites. When the marquees are shifted at different angle, the visitants come ining a new marquee from another marquee will experience new to the infinite as it is non a common agreement like the old one. Most of the exhibition suites are designed with high ceiling with fanlight, lit up the room with soft natural sunshine. The place of the interior sunshine beams besides varies. The in-between marquee has a b righter room if comparison to the another two next marquees. The fanlight of the in-between marquees are confronting straight to the eventide Sun. The design purpose is to offer the visitant a more broad screening of the work displayed with different angle of natural visible radiations and shadows. The overall scene of the marquees create a more poetic ambiance to the museum by deconstructivism architecture. 3.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors that affect the architecture of Yan ZhenQing Museum. The clime of the site affects the design of the edifice in footings of edifice orientation and fenestration. Sunlight is the most critical impact that impacting the design of the edifice. Skylights are used alternatively of window due to the protection of the aggregations in the marquees. The museum in China might portion the same features with other edifice, but architect demands to understand the civilization of the local context, and use the construct suitably with grounds. Christopher Lee says, â€Å"That is, you take the most common and do them special.† How to cite Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee, Free Case study samples Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee Free Essays Undertaking Speculating Architecture Introduction This undertaking attempts to convey an apprehension of architect’s architectural theory through a direct observation and analysis of his ego and edifices. Architecture and urban signifiers in relation to architectural theories is discussed in the undermentioned authorship. The relationship between architecture and its societal, cultural and rational context is besides analyzed and critiqued in the authorship to construe the architect’s architecture in relation to relevant theories within the modern-day. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee or any similar topic only for you Order Now Architect Christopher Lee is selected to discourse his architecture in relation with theories. He is the co-founder of Serie Architects, taking his design squad in London, Mumbai and Beijing together with his spouse Kapil Gupta, doing a grade for him all over the universe. He is a really experient international pattern based in London and has interesting working experience in his life of being a successful designer. His house involved in different undertaking all over the universe. Some representative plants of them include The Tote in India, BMW Olympic Pavilion in London, the Monsoon Club installing in United State and Yan ZhenQing Museum in China. Among Chris Lee’s popular plants, Aarvli Resort is selected to analyze and analyse its theories of architecture. Aarvli Resort is a 9000sqm Eco-resort, located within the Konkan seashore, the western coastline country of India. It is a new belongings of India by an International group of Resort, Formento Resorts. The sensitive design on the typography is the chief topographic point of this resort. The resort is presently afoot as of last month of building. Climate Aarvli resort, an Eco-resort, has designed responsively to the local clime of Goa, India. Goa, the smallest province in India by country, enjoys a tropical monsoon clime under the Koppen clime categorization that features a hot and humid conditions for most of the twelvemonth with two distinguishable seasons, the dry season and the monsoon season. As to plan the construction closely follow the contours of its mountain-side scene, the edifice has a compelling curvilineal program. The longitudinal lift of edifice is orientated to East and West to acquire the maximal usage of natural visible radiation. Due to its curvilineal signifier, the lifts of edifice are every bit exposed to maximum sunshine. However, Chris Lee has efficaciously uses the nature elements on site to minimise the heat addition to its edifice. Vegetation on site has shaded non merely the lift of edifice, it provides greenery position towards the suites and public infinites of the resort, gives merger of interior and exterior. Effective usage of courtyards and fanlight within the curvilinear program besides introduces indirect visible radiation into interior infinite, increases the light quality of infinites. The staggered placement of undulating landscape roof plane provides shadowing for lower rooftops and cut down solar addition, insulates from internal heat lose. Goa goes through the monsoon season at the center of twelvemonth, June till September. The degree of critical tropical conditions is reduced particularly July which the metropolis gets non more than three hours of sunshine per twenty-four hours. The metropolis receives maximal rainfall throughout the twelvemonth and pushes humidness up. The smooth curve signifier program which portion of the roof merged into the landscape equipped the roof with ‘nature gutter’ , reassigning the rain H2O flow to landscape environing during this season, with the aid of proper drainage system every bit good. Plants of green roof besides act as H2O soaking up every bit good as humid soaking up during this moisture and humid season of Goa. The typography of Maharashtra Coastal creates the phenomena of land and sea zephyr. Chris Lee has deliberated this natural phenomenon into his design. Round courtyard is designed to pull sea zephyr from west lift, unfastened pool and landscape to air out the edifice during twenty-four hours clip. Curve signifier of roof designed follows the air current motion to guarantee land zephyr ventilates the inside through courtyards during dark clip. Theories: Critical Regionalism In Critical Analysis of â€Å"Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance, the 5th point indicated civilization versus nature: Topography, Context, Climate, Light and Tectonic Form.â€Å"Critical regionalism should follow modern architecture, critically, for its cosmopolitan progressive qualities but at the same clip value should be placed on the geographical context of the building† ( Frampton, 1981 )Emphasis, Frampton ( 1981 ) says,should be on topography, clime, visible radiation ; on tectonic signifier instead than on scenography and should be on the sense of touch instead than ocular sense. In footings of civilization, the acceptance of local architecture layout has demonstrated in the planning of Aarvli Resort. In India traditional house Nakarattar house has inner and outer suites in the center of the program surrounded with few courtyards. Chris Lee imitates the similar form, Numberss of private invitee suites are planned together with an unfastened dining courtyard within a round layout of planning. Similar to Aarvli Town Hall, it is influenced by both Finnish slang architecture and the humanist Italian Renaissance. Aalto drew inspiration for the courtyard agreement in his edifice layout surrounded with the elevated courtyard. Building characteristics has been study to discourse on how these edifice designs has incorporated the civilization with its nature and environment. As Goa receives tropical weather’s which most of the months are exposed to sunlight, the acceptance of local architecture which courtyards and fanlights are features to present indirect sunshine into the enclosed inside. Enclosed private suites are planned in between the edifice to avoid direct heat addition from the conditions. While Saynatsalo town house located at Finland receives 4 seasons, Aalto has sufficient usage of fanlight to better the inside light quality during winter. â€Å"But underneath signifiers in all ages were certain conditions which determined the. In them allows all human spirit in agreement with which they came to be ; and where the signifiers were true signifiers, they will be found to be organic signifiers – an branch, in other words, of conditions of life and work they arose to express†Wright ( 1910 ) wrote on a monograph of his work published in Germany. Aarvli Resort defined as organic architecture non merely of its unstable signifier and curvilineal program, but besides on how the construction allows certain activities to take topographic point within in and around the environment of it. In-filled roof of Aarvli Resort looks like the construction is portion of the landscape. Chris Lee presents his edifice in wave-like sort of signifier as to unify context to the dramatically typography of Maharashtra. Chris Lee has sensitively taken consideration of nature context in footings of the circulation planning of the edifice . He plans that all public infinites include anteroom, dining country, and out-of-door activities are planned at ‘outer layer’ of the resort program to guarantee all infinites are surrounded by nature context, the flora and coastal. He wants to stress the interaction of nature with the inside, leting circulation to take topographic point in and around it. The Saynatsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto, is declared as organic architecture as good yet the edifice are purely rectilineal composings. The composing of Saynatsalo town house is performed in the manner of perpendicular and horizontal, following the verticalness of wooded hillside of Saynatsalo. He planned the private infinites, the flats, into the wooded hillside of Saynatsalo which does non let effectual circulation but provide good position to abodes of level. At the same clip public infinites include town hall, stores, and library are placed towards land land which provide equal circulation. Puting of courtyard as C entre of program besides provides public circulation within private territory. In comparison, both designers have planned the infinites respectfully with site typology. 2.3 Design Strategy: Typography Aarvli Resort is designed utilizing an advanced program that makes the construction blend in respectfully with the environing natural environment without giving the spacial qualities that allow visitants to bask their stay to the upper limit. Curvilineal circulation spinal column is used to specify a series of public and private infinite. As discussed in subject before, Chris Lee has take consideration of nature context into its circulation planning in the manner that public infinites surrounded by nature context and private infinites are placed in between to pull people to public infinites. The crystalline development of nature and construction offer the smooth experience of inside and outside to appreciate the natural environment. Round courtyards are designed as shaded dining and diversion country at the same clip blended with verdant hills to the E and South, conveying nature into the spaces.Sea-facing swimming pools and H2O characteristics allocated towards Arabian Sea allows bird’s-eye positions, creates the feeling of eternity pool. Green smooth-curvy roof is designed to synthesise the construction into contour of site, besides supplying better insularity and cut down heat addition. Due to the geographical status of Maharashtra Coastal, air current motions are different during twenty-four hours and dark, the land and sea zephyr. Design schemes have been carefully considered to to the full use the zephyr for both twenty-four hours and dark clip to air out the edifice. To acquire the maximal usage of sea zephyr during twenty-four hours clip, unfastened landscape and pools at the forepart of the resort, confronting towards Arabian Sea allows cool air to flux through the edifice. No constructions are built at the front lift to avoid any obstruction of air flow. Round unfastened dining courtyard at the dorsum of the edifice allows venturi consequence to air out the edifice efficaciously from forepart to back. On the other manus, land zephyr from hills draws into edifice throught the smooth curvey signifier of rooftop landscape into the courtyards and to better airing of interior infinites during dark clip. The maestro usage of nature airing has fulfilled its demand a s an Eco-resort. Discussion As Chris Lee travels a batch and educated in different cultural background since immature, he learnt that it is of import that architecture be at the same time relevant to its urban context, cultural and geographical status into his design. Together with the define of organic architecture of Wright, Chris Lee has demonstrated the 5th point of critical regionalism, civilization versus nature, follow cultural context and appreciate the natural environment together following modern architecture in most of his work design. In an statement of Chris Lee publication â€Å" Typological Urbanism† , he argue that â€Å"as metropoliss owe their chief characteristic to geographical and topographical conditions, and are ever linked to other metropoliss by trade and resources, they tend to specialise and organize a distinguishable character.† The usage of an advanced program in Aarvli Resort allows the creative activity of a edifice that is extremely respectful of its sensitive natur al context but that besides enjoys distinguishable spacial qualities that will do it a premium finish in the part ( Furuto, 2012 ) . Including the undertaking of Aarvli Resort that he adapted local civilization, he has lead his design squad, Serie Architect, in state of UK, India and China, planing non merely edifices and besides urban be aftering mentioning on the metropoliss characteristic and context. He ever make that his edifice are able to reflect the common architecture in a modern-day manner.â€Å"A metropolis is an accumulation of the accomplishments and battles of its citizens in reinforced signifier. This must be made seeable in an architecture that acts as an inclusive framework†described Chris Lee ( 2011 ) in his article â€Å"My sort of City† . He extremely appreciates the distinctive of the metropolis and translates the linguistic communication into his construction, stating the narrative of non merely the client, besides the nature and metropolis, givin g a perfect combination of these factors and linguistic communications in his work. As decision, Chris Lee theory of design is to interpret the common linguistic communication into his design and interpret it into a modern and modern-day manner of design at the same clip appreciate the typography as factor of his design. His design can be conclude that he has demonstrated the theory of civilization versus nature direct and indirectly with his ain definition of modern-day manner of design. 4.0 Mention Furuto, Alison. â€Å" Aarvli Resort / Serie Architects † 02 Nov 2012.ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Jun 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archdaily.com/ ? p=284569 Designboom ( 1999-2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designboom.com/copyright/ Serie Architect. ( 2012 ) â€Å"Aarvli Estates† Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.serie.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SerieArchitects-Aarvli-Estates-20121108.pdf Lee, C. ( June 2011 ) â€Å"My sort of city† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.architecturetoday.co.uk/ ? p=16420 Davies, Colin ( 2011 ) . Thinking about Architecture An Introduction to Architectural Theory. Laurence King Publishing, London. Jacoby, S. , A ; Lee, C. M. ( 2011 ) .Typological urbanism: projective metropoliss / guest-edited by Christopher CM Lee and Sam Jacoby. Chichester: Wiley, 2011. Kate, N. 1997. Speculating a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995. Princeton Architectural Press. New York. Frampton, K. â€Å"Towards a critical regionalism: Six Points for An Architectural of Resistance† . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ahameri.com/cv/Courses/CU/Arch % 20in % 20Theory/Frampton.pdf How to cite Case Study of Architect Christopher Lee, Free Case study samples

The Future of Biopsychology-Obesity free essay sample

Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The knowing submission of another persons work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. PSY5106Dr. Nicol Moreland BiopsychologyAssignment 8 Faculty Use Only The Future of Biopsychology- Obesity Consuela Kelly-Crisler Northcentral University Biopsychology PSY5106 Dr. Nicol Moreland December 9, 2012 A person is considered obese when his or her weight is 20% or more above normal weight. The most common measure of obesity is the body mass index or BMI. A person is considered overweight if his or her BMI is between 25 and 29. 9; a person is considered obese if his or her BMI is over 30. Morbid obesity means that a person is either 50%-100% over normal weight, more than 100 pounds over normal weight, has a BMI of 40 or higher, or is sufficiently overweight to severely interfere with health or normal function (What is Obesity? 2012). Obesity occurs when a person consumes more calories than he or she burns. For many people this boils down to eating too much and exercising too little. But there are other factors that also play a role in obesity. People tend to gain weight as they get older, even if they don’t alter their eating habits. This is because the human metabolism slows down as we age. We don’t need to take in as many calories as we used to in order to maintain the same weight. Therefore, we store more of the food we take in as fat. Women tend to be overweight more often than men because men tend to burn calories at a higher rate (What is Obesity? 012). Obesity and thinness seems to have a have a nature versus nurture component. If a patient’s biological mother is heavy as an adult, there is approximately a 75% chance that she will be heavy. Likewise, the children of thin parents have a 75% chance of being thin (What is Obesity? 2012). This doesn’t mean that the child of obese pa rents has to be obese, though. Many find ways to keep the weight off. Genetics are important, but lifestyle choices such as eating and exercise habits are, too. Less active people tend to require less calories than more active people; they don’t need as much fuel because they’re doing less work. Physical activity also causes the body to burn calories faster on average, and decreases appetite. People exercising less is thought to be a leading cause of obesity over the last 20 years. Psychological factors also influence eating habits and obesity. Many people eat in response to negative emotions such as boredom, sadness, or anger. People who have difficulty with weight management may be facing more emotional and psychological issues; about 30% of people who seek treatment for serious weight problems have difficulties with binge eating. During a binge-eating episode, people eat large amounts of food while feeling they cant control how much they are eating. (Obesity Facts, 2012) Obesity can be caused by illness, though people blame more cases of obesity on illness than is actually true. Illnesses sometimes responsible for obesity include hypothyroidism (poorly acting thyroid slows metabolism), depression, and some rare diseases of the brain that can lead to overeating. Social factors, including poverty and a lower level of education, have been linked to obesity. One reason for this may be that high-calorie processed foods cost less and are easier to find and prepare than healthier foods, such as fresh vegetables and fruits. However, the link between low socioeconomic status and obesity has not been conclusively established, and recent obesity research shows that childhood obesity, for instance, is also increasing among high-income groups. The best methods of obesity treatment are dieting and physical exercise. Obese people should adjust their diet to reduce fat and sugar consumption, and increase dietary fiber. Anti-obesity drugs can also be effective in conjunction with a healthy diet, reducing one’s appetite and/or fat absorption. Some obese people require stomach or bowel reduction surgery in order to lose weight. The smaller stomach allows them to consume less food and still feel full. Obesity is a leading worldwide cause of preventable death, and authorities view it as one of the most serious health problems of this century. While in some cultures, obesity is a sign of prosperity and childbearing, in the Western world, it is frequently viewed negatively. While whether to consider obesity as its own separate disease is a matter of some debate, it is certainly a factor in many physical and mental ailments. Obesity is associated with angina, myocardial infarction and between 21 and 34% of ischemic heart disease, depending on which research you read. Body-mass index levels associated with obesity also double a person’s risk of heart failure and deep-vein thrombosis and cause over 85% of cases of hypertension (five times the normal risk). Obesity is also associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol and lower levels of HDL. Obesity also has a variety of dermatological affects, including stretch marks, acanthosis nigricans, lymphedema, cellulitis, hirsutis and intertrigo (Bray, 2004). Obesity has also been shown to be linked with type 2 diabetes in 64% of cases in men and 77% of women’s. Sixty percent of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome are obese, as are six percent of the infertile. Obesity is related to many complications in pregancy, including hemorrhage, infection, increased hospital stays for the mother and increased NICU requirements for the infant. Obese women are twice as likely to require a Cesarean section and are at a high risk of preterm births and low birth weight infants. Children born of obese women have a greater risk of anencephaly and spina bifida, cardiovascular anomalies, including septal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, anorectal malformation, limb reduction anomalies, and hydrocephaly (Haslam, 2005). Obese women have a nearly double risk of stroke compared to normal-weight women, while men have twice as great a chance. Those who are obese have a rate of dementia 1. times greater than those of normal weight. Women obese at the age of eighteen have a greater than double chance of contracting multiple sclerosis. Obesity has also been shown to cause approximately five percent of cancers, including breast, ovarian, esophageal, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, gallbladder, stomach, endometrial, cervical, prostate, kidney, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and multiple myeloma (Bray, 2004). In addition to these physical effects, obes e people are less likely to get married and make thousands less than their normal-weight counterparts, on average. Depression is also linked to obesity, though an increase in BMI has been linked to a decrease in the risk of suicide. Several studies suggest that many physicians treat obese patients differently. In a 1969 survey of physicians, obese patients were described as weak-willed, ugly, awkward, and self-indulgent. In a more recent physician survey, one of three doctors said they respond negatively to obesity, behind three other diagnostic/social categories: drug addiction, alcoholism, and mental illness. A comparable study found that two-thirds of doctors believe obese patients lack self-control, and 39 percent feel they are lazy. Two studies of nurses showed similar results. These attitudes carry over into the work world, where a job or a promotion is often denied simply because of how much one weighs. Obesity research and treatment is a very provocative subject. A 2011 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association proposes that states consider removing obese children above the 99th percentile from their homes. The author views temporary foster care as part of the remedy for childhood obesity by providing an environment where the children would be exposed to proper nutrition and activity levels. During the separation period, the parents could also be educated on the best ways to assist their child in coping with their issue. Due to the relationship between obesity and low income (low income families can’t easily afford nutritious food, and low earners are often distracted from their family issues, whether by a second job, or by concerns like drug or alcohol abuse) and education (low income families usually aren’t as educated, which bleeds over into health issues like obesity) this solution seems severe but grounded in science. Detractors point out that the home environment is only one contributing factor to obesity, and that a child’s obesity isn’t automatically considered abuse under the law. They cite studies showing that children get more of their food away from home, limiting the influence of even educated and involved parents. Also, neither the potential effectiveness of the proposal in terms of reducing obesity or the potential harm to the family unit caused by the removal have been substantiated. Psychological damage could in fact be inflicted, both to the parents and child, by causing them to feel at fault for the obesity. This could lead to self-esteem issues, depression and more. This is without even taking into consideration the harm done by taking a child away from his or her parents, even on a temporary basis. Another treatment, as novel as the last if not as heavy-handed, is the potential for virtual-reality treatment of obesity. Virtual reality, also being used to treat psychological disorders like anxiety and addiction, allows clinicians to offer exposure therapy in the comforts of their own offices without the problems sometimes posed by actual exposure. The benefit to the patient comes from being in a safe environment where they can let themselves connect emotionally with the treatment. Virtual reality has already been shown to induce a variety of controlled changes in the body, to include the sensation of a fake limb or an out of body experience. Researchers have even used virtual reality to give male subjects the feeling of being in a female body. From this point, its only a small leap to giving an obese person the sensation of being in a a normal-weight body. In one experiment, scientists discovered the neural systems involved in VR improvement of body image. This, combined with an adaptation of therapy used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, is being used the help patients identify and change habits contributing to eating disorders and obesity. The first twenty minutes of the VR sessions are used for the therapist to get an understanding of the patients concerns and experiences related to food. The patient does most of the talking, while the therapist guides the session. The second twenty minutes are devoted to the actual VR session. The simulation can create a number of environments, like a classroom, apartment, or pub, to recreate some of the experiences the patient detailed to the therapist. The simulation also includes a body-image room, where the patient can create an ideal VR body and compare it to their real one. The last twenty minutes are used to discuss the patients VR experience. In terms of ethical considerations, the first needs to be how much the government, communities and families are obligated to ensuring obese people get the treatment they need. It is very easy to dismiss obese people as having â€Å"done it to themselves,† since many cases could simply be prevented by eating better and exercising more. Mental illnesses are, by and large, viewed differently by much of the public than physical ailments. A person who doubled in size due to a war injury that prevented them from exercising, for instance, would likely garner more sympathy than a person who simply doubled in size because they went to McDonalds four times a week. This, of course, influences the discussion on how much the government should be obligated to pay for medical care of the obese. Much like the arguments against smokers being covered by public assistance against the effects of their bad habit, a case can be made for whether tax dollars should pay for an obese persons weight-reduction surgery or triple bypass. While the legitimacy of these concerns can probably never be agreed upon yet by the majority, the governments responsibility to educate people on preventative measures and healthy choices cannot be minimized, and the effects of those programs should not be overlooked. Some scientists acknowledge the responsibility of the obese for their conditions, but believe that it should only be a treatment focus if it did not harm the patients mental health. Those scientists also take issue with the public opinion stigma against obese people, due to the additional burden it places on patients. In the Western world especially, obese people are often considered lazy, overeaters or both. It is not ethical to assume this is true in all cases, those researchers say, and not ethical to create policy or legislation based on those assumptions, either. Those assumptions can only be used positively in the shaping of preventative suggestions (anyone will benefit from more exercise and better eating, obese or not, so its acceptable to suggest them to everyone). Another consideration is what obese patients themselves consider acceptable in terms of treatment. Studies sow that obese adults prefer interventions that are non-commercial, dont fall back on common stereotypes and promote lifestyle changes (health initiatives and exercise) rather than simple weight loss (dieting, bariatric surgery). Care should be taken to ensure that treatment of obese patients does not impact their mental health negatively, by reinforcing social stigmas, negative self-image, instilling disregard for the positive social and cultural aspects of eating, disregarding the patients privacy and personal freedom in decision-making. One model, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics stewardship model of public health, recommends public programs that do not attempt to coerce adults to lead healthy lives, minimize introduction of interventions with-out consent; and minimize interventions that are unduly intrusive and in con? ct with personal values. The stewardship model also incorporates an intervention ladder, ranging from ‘no intervention’ to ‘eliminating choice’ altogether. Eliminating choice, under this model, would be reserved for serious public health issues, such as an infectious patient requiring quarantine in order to ensure the safety of the general population—someth ing obviously more serious than an obese patient. Restricting choice would take the form of removing unhealthy ingredients or foods from stores and restaurants (as in the recent limit on the size of fountain drinks in New York City). Guiding through disincentives or incentives is on another level of the spectrum, by making it not worth a persons effort to do something, or vice versa—higher medical insurance premiums for obese people who are doing it to themselves, for example. It is a model that clearly illustrates ways in which the government can support public health without becoming overbearing and infringing on peoples rights. In summary, obesity is a major public health issue with far reaching consequences to a fair majority of the population. It is detrimental to those who suffer from it, both mentally and physically. Its physical effects are literally a head-to-toe list of increases risks of illness and injuries. Its mental effects include damage to patients self-image, which can bleed over into how the patient deals with work, social situations, parenting and every other aspect of life. There are numerous factors involved in an obese persons condition; genetics, upbringing, cultural values and mores, living environment and socio-economics. Some people become obese due to pre-existing medical concerns, while others achieve the condition by eating the wrong things and not exercising enough. Once they do reach an obesity-qualifying body-mass index level, they can expect (in the Western world, at least), they can be expected to be held responsible for their condition no matter how it was reached, and to be treated differently simply because theyre not at a normal weight. Treatments for obesity range from the tried-and-true to the newfangled and from therapeutic to overbearing, with varying degrees of efficacy. Some involve the government, while others simply a life coach, dietician or trainer. Opinions on how to handle obesity fall at varying points on a wide spectrum. The most logical source of information on how obese people should be treated—obese people themselves—tend to prefer an approach that helps them change their lives as a whole in order to lose weight and prevent harmful behaviors, rather than one that consists merely of a change in diet with no measures against become obese again at a later date. The ethical concerns in treating obesity include how to best treat obesity without making the patient feel worse about their problem and how much responsibility should be borne by someone other than the obese person themselves (i. . , the government). Future treatments for obesity may very well take a more holistic approach rather than simply tackling the separate components of diet and exercise. Scientists have taken steps toward mapping the areas of the brain involved with impulse control and self-image, and developing ways of modifying behaviors using this information may prove useful in stemming the tide. Similar discoveries may fuel new ways of educating people on how to prevent obesity in the future as well, rather than only ways of reversing it after the fact. And of course, the more understanding we have of obesity and its causes, the more tolerant and accepting we should become as a whole towards people suffering from it. References What is Obesity? (2012) Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity Bray GA (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity. Lancet Childhood Obesity Prevention. (2012). In Root Cause. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://rootcause. org/childhood-obesity-prevention Obesity Facts, Causes, Emotional Aspects and When to Seek Help. (2012). In WebMD. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://www. webmd. com/diet/what-is-obesity? page=2 Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Hahler B (June 2006). An overview of dermatological conditions commonly associated with the obese patient. Arendas K, Qiu Q, Gruslin A (June 2008). Obesity in pregnancy: pre-conceptional to postpartum consequences. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (April 2003). Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U. S. adults. Relationship Between Poverty and Overweight or Obesity. Retrieved December 7, 2012, from http://frac. org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/are-low-income-people-at-greater-risk-for-overweight-or-obesity/ Meetoo D. The imperative of human obesity: an ethical reflection. Br J Nurs 2010; 19: 563–8. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues. London: Nuff ield Council on Bioethics; 2007. Available at: http://www. nuffieldbioethics. org/public-health (Cited 9 December 2011).

Process Of Project Portfolio Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Process Of Project Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction Project portfolio management plays the key role in the management of the processes, techniques and methods used by the project managers and in the offices of project management. This helps in the analysis and collaborative management of the present or future projects on the basis of several important characteristics. The process of project portfolio management assures alignment as it is a continuous activity which takes care of the projects in the portfolio along with the total organizational strategy and ROI expectations. This portfolio management is actually the technique of making decisions about the investment policy and mix which are similar to the objectives of similar investments, asset allocation for a specific individual or an organization and balancing vulnerability against performance (Beringer, Jonas and Kock 2013). A competency model for program managers For my future role as the project portfolio manager I have chosen four articles for analysis. Among these four, the first article is about a competency model for program managers. While going through this article, I found out some new and fresh facts which were unknown to me. I realized that programs can vary from an internal initiative for improving the total process of program management. The requirement for competent program managers lie in the fact that have the potential to introduce, plan, implement supervise, observe and control the complicated undertakings of the organization (Brook and Pagnanelli 2014). I had previously read about this particular topic when I had got the idea that there are several factors which influence the process of project management as well as the role of project managers. After reading this article my idea on the subject pertinent to project management portfolio got strengthened. This article includes the nine environmental factors which are investment strategies, evolutionary development, similar requirements for resources, appropriate people for the program, deciding on the knowledge driven development, motivation of the program managers, demand for accountability, tenure requirement and the continued support of senior leadership. I was ensured that matching the right people for the program is one of the important factors for development of the competency model of program managers (Costantino, Di Gravio and Nonino 2015). While going through this article, I got to know about the numerous competencies in the process which contradicted my previous understanding of the topic. This article had used an approach of case study with different organizations to describe the competencies of management, communication, problem solving, and maintaining focus while multi- tasking, recognizing and managing risks and adjust to ones trend of accommodating various people who are working in several teams. It was further mentioned about the importance of the project managers tenure in the specific organization and the potential to have a firm base in the project management along with the business competencies. Such competencies include understanding the clients, combining several activities in the departments and grow a sense of the total business in whole (Daniel and Ward 2015). In the overview of the model that was given in the article, it is mentioned about the Levin- Ward Program Management Competency Model which has six performance competencies and personal competencies applicable to the performance of program management (as quoted on page 19 of the article). The competencies are those that explain what role is played by the program managers by applying their knowledge of program management. It is important to define the program, then initiate it, plan and execute followed by supervision of the program and finally ending the program (Daniel, Ward and Franken 2014). The article was helpful for my future role as a program manager as well as my present academic assignments because it has helped me to learn new facts and information. Such information will be beneficial for gaining in- depth knowledge about communicating, leading, building leaderships, negotiating, mentoring, facilitating, thinking critically and adapting the necessary changes (Gutirrez and Magnusson 2014). Empowering project portfolio managers: how management involvement impacts project portfolio management performance I had also read the article on, empowering project portfolio managers: how management involvement impacts project portfolio management performance by Daniel Jonas. Just like the previous article, this article has also taught me certain new things. For instance, I knew that the role of a project portfolio manager is to plan and control the complicated projects in an efficient and effective way but I was unaware of the fact that there lies a traditional conflict in between the line and the project managers in an organization. If the role of project portfolio managers is given importance then the complicacy between the line managers, project managers and the senior managers have to change (Jonas 2010). My idea on the framework of project portfolio management got stronger after reading this article. Unlike the previous management system mentioned in the article, it uses better success criterions that are associated to each other by a causal chain relationship. This article has helped me to conceptualize the whole system which consists of three dimensions- process effectiveness, portfolio success and portfolio related corporate success. The understanding of this model has helped me to analyze and evaluate the changes in the distribution of influence and the involvement of the role conflicts inside the system of portfolio management (Jenner 2016). n the process of reading this article my previous idea of conceptual framework of portfolio project management got contradicted at one point. In reality, the managerial tasks are implemented by the management which seems to be inextricably entangled with the role of the management such as competence, significance or clarity. Moreover, this article has stated the managers are attributed with separate tasks as it permits a better analysis of the interaction between specific management roles. I was also unaware of the fact that there are various standards for portfolio managers from the project management institutions which calls for a wide range of important tasks categorized into multiple phases of groups. On the contradiction, it is analyzed that there exists some critical success factors for showcasing few aspects and the relationship with success (Kaiser, El Arbi and Ahlemann 2015). The article had stated that there are very few places where the role of the project portfolio manager is clearly explained. Most of the journal and literatures mention the role as the owner of a project portfolio management task such as risk management. Besides the project portfolio manager and with particular regards to the multi- project level, so far the multiple- project manager, the program manager and several kinds of (multi-) project management offices are explicitly mentioned in literature (as quoted on page 822 of the article). This article has been really worthy for my academic assignment and especially for my career in the field of project management because it seemed to me as one of the best to know about the details of the task carried out by the project managers. I got to know my job role for the future and will be able to prepare myself in the same way (Killen and Hunt 2013). Measuring Program Success The article Measuring Program Success begins with the statement that programs provides an altering way of combining projects and the organizational strategies. These are being used in most of the organizations nowadays which has been referred to as the emergent tendency programmification. The increase in the programs has resulted in the need of better and improved understanding of the phenomenon for the success of the program (Shao, Mller and Turner 2012). With the reading of this article I was determined that the definition of program success exist at the conceptual level. I also knew that there are few literatures which provided measurement dimensions for the program success and the idea got reinforced after I went through this article. The reality is that there are no projects or programs which can stay isolated. For attaining program success program context must be taken into consideration. It is observed that the critical factors in the process of program management sometimes draw most of the attention and effort of the program managers to cooperate and alter the programs, which coincided with my previous understanding (Korhonen, Laine and Martinsuo 2014). My understanding was contradicted when I read that the aim of the article was to develop an assessment construct for the success of the program. Due to this fact, the study was built on the previous findings to modify a set of measurement scales and dimensions for the program success. Moreover, the relation between the program success and context is analyzed for the stability of the program success in various program contexts. I also got to know that program success and program context are required for the understanding of knowledge gaps. This article had used research methodology and literature review based on the topic which helped in better understanding and analysis (Martinsuo 2013). We started with a factor analysis to identify the underlying structures and psychological patterns of program success (as quoted on page 40 of the article). This research which was provided along with the detailed analysis of the sampling methods as well as the data collection methods proved to be effective for comprehension of the research procedures. This earlier research provided insights into program success, but little indication on specific program success constructs is found (as quoted on page 38 of the article). These specific parts of the article helped me to indulge in the subject of portfolio project management. The article has not only helped me to gain sufficient knowledge required for my academic assignments but it will help me to be a successful project manager in the future. I have found very less article on this particular topic which had included the research study. The detailed information will help me excel as a program manager in the future (Rank, Unger and Gemnden 2015). The role of project portfolio management in fostering both deliberate and emergent strategy Finally I had gone through the article the role of project portfolio management in fostering both deliberate and emergent strategy, to leave no scope in the aim of being a successful project manager in the future. I got to know from this article that formal strategy processes are not considered sufficient in forming the strategy specifically in unstable environments. There are upcoming strategies which determine that the conscious top- bottom strategies are essential for adaptability in the organization (Kopmann et al. 2017). I was relieved to realize that my idea about the role of strategy implementation and the effect of strategy formulation and implementation along with the effect of the upcoming elements are under the altering environmental conditions. The article had mentioned about the management activities that are carried out in the project portfolio level. The main task is to analyze the application of the strategic control mechanism in the nexus between purposeful and developing strategies and the outcome on the realized strategy and success (Summers 2015). My idea about the subject got strengthened when I got to know from the article that project portfolio management forms the process of translating a business policy in to a project roadmap for execution. There were specific parts when my ideas on the subject were contradicted. I knew that organizations strategy identifies the purpose goals and objectives and also define the plans for attaining those specific goals. I was not aware of the way in which the literature was divided into the two parts of strategy formulation and strategy implementation. The first one refers to the setting and planning of strategies and the other one is concerned about the realization of strategy. The dichotomy of formulation and implementation of strategy is criticized and it is argued that the dichotomy is based on an assumption. The assumption is such that the formulator is well informed and the environment is sufficiently stable. If either of the conditions are not fulfilled then the formation of strategy is considered as a learning process which calls for an adaptive approach instead of a planned approach (Young and Conboy 2013). Strategic control activities enable organizations to monitor and manage strategy processes (as quoted on page 559 of the article). This quote in the article is a distinguishing feature between the two kinds of strategic control systems. These two types are diagnostic control and interactive control. The diagnostic controls are applicable to monitor, influence and praise the achievement of the strategic objectives; on the other hand, interactive control systems involve the feedback mechanism which has the ability to portray organizational learning and the upcoming elements in the way of new ideas or strategic directions. This article has undoubtedly been very effective for my academic assignment as well as to build a career in the field of portfolio project management. I intend to become a program manager in the future and these insights gained from the aforesaid articles will help me in every step of the action that I undertake. I realized that being a project manager is not easy but if I work on it from the present then I will have a smooth career path in the future (Teller and Kock 2013). Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded from this assignment that there lies a lot more than what we actually mean by portfolio project management. There is implementation of strategic control and strategic formulation which are responsible for creating efficiency. This process helps in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and implementation. An overall project investment recognizes the future growth of the organization with regard to its processes, products and structure. I also gained knowledge about the fact that there are three phases for the process of project portfolio management that are described elaborately. These include the preference and selection of projects, resource allocation across the projects and portfolio steering. This process of portfolio management implies the strategy in business through the coordination of decision making, risk balancing and resource maximizing for increasing the value of the project portfolio. References Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.830-846. Brook, J.W. and Pagnanelli, F., 2014. Integrating sustainability into innovation project portfolio managementA strategic perspective.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,34, pp.46-62. Costantino, F., Di Gravio, G. and Nonino, F., 2015. Project selection in project portfolio management: An artificial neural network model based on critical success factors.International Journal of Project Management,33(8), pp.1744-1754. Daniel, E. and Ward, J., 2015. Improving the Business/IT relationship with IT Project Portfolio Management.Cutter IT Journal, pp.20-24. Daniel, E.M., Ward, J.M. and Franken, A., 2014. A dynamic capabilities perspective of IS project portfolio management.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(2), pp.95-111. Gutirrez, E. and Magnusson, M., 2014. Dealing with legitimacy: A key challenge for Project Portfolio Management decision makers.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.30-39. Jenner, S., 2016.Transforming government and public services: realising benefits through project portfolio management. CRC Press. Jonas, D., 2010. Empowering project portfolio managers: How management involvement impacts project portfolio management performance.International Journal of Project Management,28(8), pp.818-831. Kaiser, M.G., El Arbi, F. and Ahlemann, F., 2015. Successful project portfolio management beyond project selection techniques: Understanding the role of structural alignment.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.126-139. Killen, C.P. and Hunt, R.A., 2013. Robust project portfolio management: capability evolution and maturity.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,6(1), pp.131-151. Korhonen, T., Laine, T. and Martinsuo, M., 2014. Management control of project portfolio uncertainty: A managerial role perspective.Project Management Journal,45(1), pp.21-37. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Rank, J., Unger, B.N. and Gemnden, H.G., 2015. Preparedness for the future in project portfolio management: The roles of proactiveness, riskiness and willingness to cannibalize.International Journal of Project Management,33(8), pp.1730-1743. Summers, G.J., 2015.Method of generating feedback for project portfolio management. U.S. Patent Application 14/703,368. Teller, J. and Kock, A., 2013. An empirical investigation on how portfolio risk management influences project portfolio success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.817-829. Young, M. and Conboy, K., 2013. Contemporary project portfolio management: Reflections on the development of an Australian Competency Standard for Project Portfolio Management.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), pp.1089-1100. Shao, J., Mller, R. and Turner, J.R., 2012. Measuring program success.Project Management Journal,43(1), pp.37-49. Kopmann, J., Kock, A., Killen, C.P. and Gemnden, H.G., 2017. The role of project portfolio management in fostering both deliberate and emergent strategy.International Journal of Project Management,35(4), pp.557-570.