Racial Profiling - 1215 Words

Racial Profiling within America’s Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system of America is deeply scarred with racial bias. Crimes are being committed and, in turn, are resulting with innocent people doing hard-time. Thankfully, newfound methods of appealing court rulings are finding justice for these minorities; however, the results are as shocking as the crimes being committed. When it was found that the majority of successful appeals were of minorities, the true defects of the system was apparent. The minority community is being critically judged for things they’re not doing. Throughout the last decade lawmakers have be aiding the racial profiling scene. Arizona legislature passed a law allowing for an officer to demand†¦show more content†¦The study conducted by MSU examined jury selection as well as the decisions made by said juries. â€Å"The MSU study of capital charging and sentencing found that those who kill whites are more likely to get the death penalty than those who kill blacks. The MSU study found that a defendant is 2.6 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white.† (ACLU). Following the study, North Carolina passed a law entitled the â€Å"Racial Justice Act†. This piece of legislature made it possible for inmates to appeal their sentences due to supposed racial profiling. Since the passing of the law last year, there have been 4 successful appeals. The law doesn’t guarantee that the whole sentence will be reversed; however, it puts in place a system that allows for flaws in the length/severity of the sentence to be readdressed. The passing of the law as well as the MSU study prove that although there are more minorities being charged for crimes, the charges are of ill-willed intentions. In addition to undeserved charges, DNA testing has exonerated hundreds of people for crimes in which they were convicted over the past few years. When DNA testing became readily available to the criminal justice system, crucial flaws began to surface. It was realized that people were serving hard-time for felony crimes they didn’t commit.Show MoreRelatedRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling1430 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty years the issue of racial profiling has become extremely combative with regards to law enforcement practices. A common misconception begins as some people are unaware of what racial profiling actually is. Racial profiling typically deals with incarceration, miss education, and to certain extent slavery. The topic of slavery is relevant in the conversation of racial profiling because like slavery, African Americans have suffered ju st due their own identity. Profiling is essentially the selectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial ProfilingRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead More Racial Profiling is Necessary1040 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, Merriam-Webster’s definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.855).† The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed char acteristics or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.830).† Based on these definitions, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem969 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling has been an issue in society for as long as America had a criminal justice system. Racial profiling is a problem because it refers discriminatory practice bye-law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment was ratified which states, No state. Shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, would have made racialRead MoreThe Good and Bad of Racial Profiling1250 Words   |  5 Pages It has been said that racial profiling has been used more than once as a way to detain suspects that arouse suspcion according to NAACP. Racial profiling is the suspicion of people based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or other immutable charateristics rather than evidence based behavior. Eventhough statistics say otherwise racial profiling should not be used as a reasnoable right to detain an individual because it is unlawful, discrinmatory, and ineffective. Even though statisticsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is racial profiling. This issue, where authorities target certain individuals based on their racial characteristics, has never ceased. According to many influential claimsmakers, racial profiling has stained the United States by negatively affecting society and disturbing the certainty of justice. It is unconstitutional and leads to impactful consequences such as deaths, fear, and loss of trust in police officers, demoralization, and dehumanization of stigmatized groups of people. Racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

The Battle Of The American Civil War - 998 Words

The American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The economy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. They had invested heavily in their transport system, financial industries and communications network. The Southern economy produced cotton in large scale and relied slave labor. There was need to expand their economic empire and outlawing slavery could be detrimental to its progress. When Abraham Lincoln the candidate of antislavery Republican Party won the presidential election in 1860, the southern states seceded organizing as the Confederates States of America. On April 12, 1861, they opened fire on Fort Sumter at South Carolina. Lincoln called militia to suppress the rebels. Four more states joined the rebels and by the end of 1861, several battles had taken place. (Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, 2006) In 1861, military actions began in Virginia where non slave holding pro-Union Virginians sought to secede from the Confederacy. McClellan in command of federal forces in southern Ohio encountered small forces sent by Lee and won three significant battles. His victories helped toward elimination of Confederate resistance in northwestern Virginia which had refused to recognize secession. On May 6, LeeShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages How could a traumatic war possibly be a great cause to our country? The battles of the American Civil War for example, has dramatically affected this country in a plethora of ways; from abolishing slavery in the South, uniting the United States, and changing the political and social ways of how we are today. However, these are not the only changes to occur. Military and medicine started to advance, and even different cultures and languages began to develop across the land. As of today, it has beenRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesOn April 12th 1861 the famous American Civil War began, citizens from all over the United states fought against one another. The war pitted brother against brother in a fight primarily over the freedom of slaves. The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were white especially those serving the southern regiments, however African Americans served as well. The black regiments of the military during the civil were successful and essential. These African Americans were referred to as Buffalo SoldiersRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words   |  4 PagesA Confederate Divided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the e mergence of a new form of large national government withRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1425 Words   |  6 PagesThree years after the attack on Fort Sumter, one of the most controversial battles of the American Civil War was fought in West Tennessee. The battle at Fort Pillow, located near the Mississippi River about 50 miles north of Memphis, was a bloody slaughter of a mixed Union garrison. The garrison was comprised of 557 men total, about half of those men were African American s in the 6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery, and the 2nd Colored Light Artillery, commanded by Major Lionel F. Booth.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1018 Words   |  5 Pages On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg in a battle that still remains the single bloodiest day in American history. The battle consisted of many attacks and counterattacks between Union General George B. McClellan and The Army of the Potomac against Confederate Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Confederates managed to fight relentlessly over the course of the struggle. However, afterRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War2055 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War was an infamous struggle fought, primarily, on the issue of slavery. This war shook the nation to its very core, and its legacy has lived on in the hearts and minds of American citizens. Few words have a stronger impact, or strike as familiar of a note, as the words â€Å"Four score and seven years ago.† Americans recognize this statement on a subconscious level, even if they do not know whe re they are from. These words were spoken in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, at a pivotalRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stonewall† Jackson was alive in a very tense time for American History. The Southern States were in a full scale rebellion from the Union now calling themselves The Confederate States of America. The previously unified nation was split into two opposing sides going head to head in a battle to the death, with no end in sight. Starting his career in the US military, Jackson continued on to become one of the most famous generals in the American Civil War. Many historians consider him not only a strong leaderRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a battle that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. This war ripped the entire country into two opposing sides and forced them to fight against each other due to differences in beliefs. Al though this War brought great tragedy across the entire nation, some refer to this time period as an American Revolution. But how could a time that caused mass amounts of death and terror be considered a period that revolutionized the country? By exploring this time period

River Basin Management Environment in the UK

Question: Write an essay on River Basin Management? Answer: The environment agency is the leading public body which protects and improves the environment in the UK. It is a general trend that everyone should make sure that all the natural elements on the earth like the air, land and water are taken care of well in todays world in order to ensure that all the generations tomorrow inherit a cleaner and a healthier world. This work includes all types of cleanliness activities like cleaning up of rivers, ensuring that the flooding of rivers doesnt cause any damage, pollution incident are well taken care of, coastal rivers and coastal water basins are maintained well, contaminated land is cleaned up in order to ensure that the living conditions are improved and the wild life is also provided a better life to live in the world creating a better habitat for them. In this article we would cover the different aspects of river basin management including aspects which focus on public health, factors which contribute to the better living conditions, the bacteria prevailing because of human faecus and which might be responsible for a lot of living hindrances in the world. We would look at the data which is available and which has been researched on like hydrology, hydrogeology, abstractions which are available, status of ecology, ground water management units, river assessment under various parameters like temperature, bacteria because of various physical conditions, suspended solids and nitrate issues in the environment which could affect the health of the people, presence of bacteria, climatic change, water company and resource plans including the plans of promoting water efficiency. Introduction The Environment Agency is committed to ensure that water available in todays world is managed in a sustainable way which can benefit the users and the environment in all possible ways so that the users and the environment can benefit in the maximum possible way which would be a better option in managing the water resources even at the local level. River basin management River basin management is the approach which the Environment agency has been using to ensure that the combined efforts achieve the improvement which is needed in the South East River Basin District. River basin management is a continuous process of planning and delivery. The water framework directive issues a time period of 6 years directives which exist to prevent deterioration in the status of aquatic eco systems, to protect them and improve the ecological condition of the waters To achieve a good status of all the water bodies by the end of 2015 To meet the requirements of water frameworks directives in the protected areas To conserve the habitats and species which are directly dependent on water To progressively reduce and eliminate all types of pollutants in the environment today which would pose a greater threat to the environment at a later stage To progressively reduce the ground water pollution and to prevent the release of all types of pollutants into it The CAMS area The Adur and the CAMS area cover a total land of about 1073km2 where it encompasses the catchment of the River Ouse and the River Adur. The CAMS area is characterized by a major concentration of the urban development along with the south coast which includes the Brighton and Hove which have ports of Shoreham and Newhaven. This area attracts a lot of tourists from different parts in the world (Brighton and Hove City Council, 2004). Inland from the coast the area is normally rural with the presence of a lot of small towns and villages amidst the very attractive country side. Much of this area includes the Sussex downs and the High Weald areas of outstanding natural beauty AONBs which recognize the importance of this land and provide protection in order to protect the character and landscape value of these areas. Some of the main inland towns include Lewes, Uckfield, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill. There is limited industrial exposure in this area and most of it is associated with the service sector, tourism, environment and recreation aspects which also includes agriculture to a minimum extent. Hydrology and Hydrogeology The River Adur and the River Ouse support a diverse range of habitats and they also support abstractions for public water supply PWS for agriculture and industry. The River Adur is hugely flashy in terms of nature as it responds quickly to the rainfall events and lower summer flows. The River Adur is also fed by the perennial springs constantly which emanate from the northern slopes of the regions which provide a limited quantity of base flow to some of the tributaries of the river. The River Ouse is the second largest river catchment in Sussex. It rises on the Tunbridge Wells Sands in the High Weald and flows predominantly east and then south over before cutting through the Sussex Downs to the English Channel at Newhaven. The Weald Clay also underlies much of the Ouse catchment and this also is a factor for the flashy character of the river as it is prone to winter flooding which is similar to the Lewes and Uckfield which has happened in 2000. It is the largest tributary where the River Uck also has a flashy character which is prone to flooding which is similar to its other tributaries like Bevern and Clay hill streams. The River Ouse has a rich history of navigation which has been managed to support various uses of these aspects like flood defence, fisheries aspects, flooding in the interest of the agriculture and other industries in terms of mills and iron workings and all these aspects form an important part of the PWS. All these aspects have resulted in the form of legacy complex arrangements of structures like weirs and sluices in order to regulate the flow and levels in the river (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1994). The rivers are normally used to conduit to move the water from the reservoir to the abstraction point. The reservoir releases fundamentally alter the rivers hydrological regime. Summer flows are raised well above all the levels which would occur naturally (Floodplain Management, 1995). These factors have important consequences for water resources which are available in the river. This also helps the base flow of the tributary streams of the River Ouse where some of the parts of the area have also suffered from the significant flooding during the winter of the seasons in 2000 and 2001 where pressure from new development and rising household demand has been increasing with the rise in the need for water. All the resources which are available are well balanced between meeting of demands of the existing abstractions and the need to protect water from the river flows which meet the environmental and other stream requirements. There are various mechanisms in order to control the water flows and the reservoir water actions which is dependable on the ground water levels in different areas and these aspects are monitored constantly through CAMS which is used during the drought and flood monitoring. These investigations are helpful in numerous ways for abstractions, discharges, unit operations and distribution of water supplies to various areas on a need basis. There are various abstraction points in terms of ground water levels and bore wells which are located in Brighton and the rainfall is measured in various sites in such places. The ongoing collection and analysis of hydrometric data is essential for assessing the water resources and the sustainability issues which are around it. This is the most common scenario in almost all the countries which are mainly dependent on industries in terms of their growth as there are other factors which get associated with it like air and water pollution are related to each other (South East England Regional Assembly 1995). Whichever country we consider all of them have grown to a significant level and they have a similar kind of industries and growth factors which affect the lives of people in that country. We could also consider the facts whether UK has taken help from the other developed countries and whether they have implemented such factors to solve the issue. Many researchers have proved that UK could implement various measures to handle cases of air pollution however it faced a lot of issues to implement the measures and manage the system effectively (Sussex Downs Conservation Board 2004). The country which has seen a wonderful growth in all its aspects, a country which has developed a lot by facing a lot of situations and a country which every developed country compare themselves with and a country with which every developed country would manage trade with has been facing issues in terms of managing their environmental system. UK is a country which has experienced a good economic growth and a country in which people have been very happy in terms of their standards of living but the people are also accepting the fact that it is coming with a big price which is facing an environmental issue which is becoming unmanageable like air pollution because they have to face it every day as they go out to carry on their normal lives as they have to go out for work, children go out to study and so many other factors. The government of UK has adapted and followed a theory which says that the countrys economic development is required and it is the only critical factor which can improve the environmental situation in any country. Many researchers have proven that if the economic development of a country is low then the no. of people who would be living in low economic conditions would be more which would increase a lot of conditions which would affect the environment in the country. If the economic development of a country is good the economic conditions of the people living in that country would also be good and the people who are rich would live a healthy lifestyle which would involve a good environment (Hays, 2008). There were many researchers who proved the significant relationship between the pollutants and the economic conditions of a country especially UK. It was proven that the relationship between the income of the people and the pollutants depend on a lot of factors like what kind of pollutants they might be, what are the effects of such pollutants and what are the places where such pollutants might be located and if there were any measures which were taken to solve such issues. The main reason behind UK facing such an issue is that it had gone through a lot of pressure in dealing with its economic situation in the 80s and 90s (Elevated Residential Structures 1990). That was the period when UK decided to adapt a theory called the EKC model which had its emphasis on the economic development than the environmental protection of the country. One more factor which contributed to such a situation of air pollution was that some of the areas in which the lower economic group of people were livin g much very distant from those of the people who were living in richer areas. This has caused a lot of issues where such areas of lower economic group of people never had any kind of a development or an improvement which has caused a lot of issues and such issues are still present in the country and have become a major issue for the economic development and growth of the country. One factor which the government of UK has not taken into consideration was that the areas which were filled with the lower economic group of people had the greatest benefits in terms of any kind of natural products (Williams, 2008). Let us look at some of the facts which have caused lot of air pollution in UK which have caused the economic development of the country face a major slow down (Francis, 2012). There are various factors which cause a major hindrance to the public health of the people because of various factors which are related to pollution and all of those which are linked to each other. Some of those facts are: There have been many researchers who have proved that there were a lot of surveys which were conducted in the years and they have proven that most of the cities in UK have not met any of the standards of national air One more research has proven that 16 cities of the worlds 20 cities which are air polluted are in UK Most of the Britishhave recognised the fact that there have to be some measures which need to be taken for protecting the environment and that most of the people in UK breathe a lot of polluted air and are getting affected and most of the environment smells like some of the gases One of the most critical factors which is affecting UK environment is Britishmeasures to improve their economic growth by establishing a lot of industries, coal plants and all such industries release a lot of soot into the air The factor which keeps all of us in a lot of thoughts is that the pollution in UK and Shanghai are so high that they are filled with smog and most of the times they cause a lot of interruption the air traffic Some of the other facts are that people cannot see the streets from their building in Shanghai and that there is no concept of a tour to the landscapes We have seen some of the facts about the air pollution in UK and the factors which cause such kind of air pollution. Let us look at the types of air pollution in UK and the particles which are constituted by air and what do such particles comprise of. The air pollutants in UK are comprised of a lot of elements like sulphates, dust, carbon, the soot which comes out of all the industries, soot which is produced by burning coal, burning any kind of material in the industries or any other fields and any other kind of soot Such particles of carbon cause a lot of damage to the lungs and most of the British suffer from various kinds of lung disorders which are caused by such pollutants Air pollution is one of the major reasons for most of the diseases as the kinds of particles which cause various other types of pollution can be purified in some way or the other by implementing various methods but the air pollution is one factor which can cause a lot of diseases and cannot be purified by adapting any methods. Most of the particles in the air when the country is filled with industries comprise of some kind of carbon which is made of a lot of smaller particles. These particles can enter into the lungs directly when an individual breathes and this can cause a lot of diseases which could result in causing death Apart from the factors which cause air pollution like the smoke and the soot which comes out of such factories dust which comes from storms is also one of the main reasons for causing air pollution There are various pressures and impacts of risk assessments in the characterization process because of the impact of human activity on surface waters and ground waters with the help of identification of the water bodies which is at a risk of failing to meet the Directives environmental objectives. With all these above factors it has been proved that the pressure and impact show that there is likelihood that a water body might fail to meet the required assessment requirements and would not meet the environmental objectives until some appropriate environmental actions are taken. The environmental objectives which are needed to be taken care of are as given below For surface water The achievement of good and ecological balance and good surface and water chemical status Achievement of good ecological balance potential and good surface water chemical status which is required for heavily modified water bodies HMWB and the artificial water bodies AWB Achievement of water related objectives and standards for all protected areas Conclusion The Water Framework directive is a part of the UK law and the Environment Agency which has a responsibility of protecting the environment and fulfills its objectives. The environment in Adur and Ouse can be protected from all types of pollutants related to air, ground water and surface water by taking up various projects on a yearly basis. The Adur and Ouse partnership is a new collaboration which aims to achieve more projects in terms of environmental protection by engaging the local community. References Brighton and Hove City Council. 2004. A different kind of city a unique destination - A strategic framework for tourism development for Brighton and Hove [online]. Available from: https://www.brightonhove.gov.uk/downloads/tourism/Tourism_Strategy_20 04.pdf (Accessed March 2004) South East England Regional Assembly. January 2005. The South East Plan, Draft for Public Consultation. https://www.southeastra.gov.uk/southeastplan/plan/cons_draft_jan05/execut ive_summary.pdf (Accessed 02/02/05) South East Water Plc. 2003. June Return 2003 Board Overview. https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publis h.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/jr03_mse_overview. doc/$FILE/jr03_mse_overview.doc (Accessed 14/06/04) Southern Water Services Ltd. 2003. June Return 2003 Board Overview. https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publis h.nsf/Content/jr03_srn_overview_tabled (Accessed 14/06/04) Sussex Downs Conservation Board (March 2004) Interim South Downs Management Plan A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management. Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force. FEMA 248. 1994. Addressing Your Communitys Flood Problems: A Guide for Elected Officials. Association of State Floodplain Managers, Inc., joint project with the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force. 1996 CRS Credit for Higher Regulatory Standards. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Flood Insurance Program/Community Rating System. 1996. To order, see the order form at the end of Unit 9. CRS Credit for Stormwater Management. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Flood Insurance Program/Community Rating System. 1996. To order, see the order form at the end of Unit 9. Elevated Residential Structures. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 54. 1984 Elevator Installation for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in Accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Technical Bulletin 4-93, FIA-TB-4. 1993 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood Prone Residential Buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 259. 1995 Flood Proofing Programs, Techniques and References. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1996 Flood Proofing Regulations. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EP 1165-2-314. 1992 Floodplain Management 1995: State and Local Programs. Association of State Floodplain Managers. 1995 Managing Coastal Erosion. National Research Council. 1990 Managing Floodplain Development in Approximate Zone A Areas: A Guide for Obtaining and Developing Base (100-Year) Flood Elevations. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 265. 1995

Late Adulthood and Death Paper Essay Example

Late Adulthood and Death Paper Paper Late Adulthood and Death Paper PSY/280 July 19, 2011 Late Adulthood and Death Paper Analyzing late adulthood and the death of an individual as a culmination of the life span development process one must understand late adulthood consists of. This paper will give a brief overview of ageism and stereotypes associate with late adulthood. This will explain how health and wellness techniques in the late adulthood stages can mitigate the negative effects of aging. As people age the social views and experiences changes in relationships and interactions with individuals, as he or she nears end of life. When closely approaching the end of life, a person has cultural and personal attitudes about death and dignity in late adulthood. Ageism and Stereotypes When examining ageism and stereotypes associated with late adulthood defines as ones prejudice or discrimination that occurs on the basis of age. When thinking about ageism one must look at the disengagement theory (Cumming Henry, 1961) that proposes that adults voluntarily reduce the contact with society rather than experiencing exclusion later and the disappointment not chosen. Other ageism statements say that older people forced involuntarily to give up participation with society. The disengagement theory justifies withdrawal from social institutions. Stereotyping defines as one making comments to someone saying that a certain age does a task that way. Stereotypes toward old people are cruel and unethical because one-day he or she will be in the same situation. Some stereotypes include older people show depression and loneliness, all old people look the same, old adults look sick, frail, and dependent, last older adults act cognitively and psychologically impaired. We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People who make stereotypical comments do this to build one’s own self confidence. If one researched all the data about the stereotypical comments one would see the comments made are not as accurate as he or she believes. Everyone deserves to be respected, especially as one ages. Health and Wellness Aging is inevitable, a fact that cannot be ignored. The aging process in late adulthood is called senescence. People cannot stop the effects of aging but there are alternatives that can help ease the process. These measures are not always followed because people make poor life choices such as smoking. Aging adults will even spend millions of dollars trying to slow the process of aging. No matter how much money they spend aging will occur. Most aging adults do not receive the necessary preventive services to help promote health and wellness during this stage of life. These preventive services include vaccinations and screenings. These important services help detect many diseases, delay their onset, or identify them early in their most treatable stages to ensure healthier, longer, and more productive lives for older adults (Prevention, 2011). Better people take care of themselves the longer they will live. People who balance: the right diet, making better choices and not acting sedentary has a better chance in living longer lives. With the advances in medical care, better health practices, improved nutrition, and other factors help people live longer. As long as older adults are following the correct measures, they can help counter the effects of aging because this stage here most people retire, they need to stay active and keep eating healthy foods. By not living actively can lead to his or her body shutting down, and may also lead to an early death. Many programs are available that older adults can join to help keep them on track. Aging adults can also receive information from their doctors and pamphlets from clinics that will give them a guideline to follow to age gracefully. Importance of Relationships and Social Interactions Humans are social animals, dependent on one another for survival and drawn to one another for joy, (University of Phoenix, 2010). Studies show that married older people are healthier, wealthier, and happier than unmarried people and their spouse’s support can help extend their lives. The importance for older adults to have a partner helps because they can depend on each other for help, and they can also help each partner in an area that they are experiencing trouble with because of age. Older adults experience capabilities of being able to have an even give and take relationship and give mutual respect in the relationship. * Older adults who have no partner should have social interactions daily as it has proven emotionally healthier than to be alone. Also older married adults must adjust to their interactions with his or her spouse because they will be together much more when they retire. This constant interaction can lead to disputes but has shown that older adults in a close marital relationship have been proven less depressed and less eager about disabilities that may present themselves because of age. * The importance of companionship in older adults, the average married woman will experience four to ten years of widowhood. The average man will experience none. The first two years can be especially difficult for the widow, but studies show that women come to enjoy the newfound independence and few seek new companionship. For widowers it is not the same, widowers have fewer friends and receive less support from the family. Those widowers try to interact to find new companionship. * Cultural and Personal Attitudes The aging process and developmental stages come to the end once a human being is deceased. A normal life cycle will have its last developmental and cognitive stage in late adulthood. This is a period is defined by the individual’s death. The cognitive learning and development in late adulthood shares some traits with the early stages of life. In this final stage the individual is seeking relationships with his close family and will create dependency on the family members. These dependencies are in all areas of human life. The cognitive and physical abilities of a person experiencing late adulthood are decreasing. Cultural factors play important roles in the lives of the elders. Different cultures will dictate the way that the older person will be taken care of financially, emotionally, social, and in all the remaining areas. Different cultures will have different approaches to this final stage; usually the children will adopt a more active role in their parent’s life. In this transition process that occurs in the late adulthood is a dynamic shift in responsibilities and roles. The elders will not be responsible for their children’s; the children will be responsible for their parents. This has a clear decrease in the analytical abilities. The cultural influence in the upbringing will determine if the alders will be on assisted living facility or will be solely responsibility of by family members. During this stage cognitive development is influenced by the mortality and their legacy. This stage the individual will realize his mortality and most cases assume a role of an amicable person than an authoritarian figure. The spouse also plays an important role on the individual quality of life. All the persons surrounding an individual in late adulthood will focus in providing a good quality of life, a safe environment, and a honest relation. Like in the early stages of life the family component is one of the driving entities in this stage. Family and close friend will have a direct impact in the quality of the individual. Once the individual’s need get more complicated the family will decide to take the person to a nursing home because the medical need cannot be meet by the family. The late adulthood is a stage very complex and full of different experiences. This transition stage allows the relinquishing of responsibilities to family members and in many instances they will seek the oldest knowledge. This stage should be used to resolve and organize the individual’s state. Ensuring that everything is taking resolved will provide a sense of accomplishment and serenity. At that time the main focus should be ensuring the quality of life remaining. Different cultures have different approaches to the wellbeing of the older adults; all have the same goal, to obtain and maintain the highest quality of life for the older. This is also complemented by the medical advantages available. Hospice care and pain management are some important tools available for the families to ensure dignity in this stage of life; that many consider a beginning, not the end. * References Berger, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the Life Span, 1e. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Todd D. Nelson, (2004). Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. : Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prevention, C. f. (2011, March 14). Clinical Preventive Services for Older Adults. Retrieved July 17, 2011, from CDC: http://www. cdc. gov/features/PreventiveServices/