American Public opinion about foreign countries

American Public opinion about foreign countries Introduction Public opinion plays a big role in every society, especially on issues concerning governance. This assertion is true in democratic governance where core values revolve around the freedom of choice and expression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Public opinion about foreign countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public opinion can be defined as an aggregate of opinions from numerous individuals on specific issues based on their attitudes and beliefs. In order to establish the public opinion on any given issue, an individual or institution conducts a survey on a substantial number of individuals, thus collecting data on their views concerning the subject of the survey. This survey is referred to as an opinion poll or simply a poll. Public opinion forms the basis of campaign strategies for leaders seeking election into a certain office. It also forms the basis for policies made in gove rnment concerning most matters of public interest. The usual duration for conducting polls is on a yearly basis, although sometimes they take place in shorter intervals depending on the urgency and the importance of the issue at hand. This paper focuses on the American public opinion about foreign countries based on polls conducted between the year 2002 and 2012. The countries of focus are China, Russia, Canada, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. Some of the surveys conducted are focused on general opinion while others are focused on political and economic issues. This paper highlight some of the trends that are evident from the polls, the ratings that the countries get both independently and in relation to each other, and gives a conclusion on the issues that receive the most attention as well as the implications of the poll results. Public opinion Over the years, pollsters in the United States have conducted several polls over the public opinion on the six countries mentioned earlier . However, of concern to this paper are ten surveys that were carried out between 2002 and 2012. Gallup research centre carried out eight of the surveys in eight different years, while the World Public Opinion organization conducted one survey on Israel’s proposal to strike Iran and several other institutions contributed to a separate survey on the same issue.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Israel and Iran attracted most of the pollsters’ attention with the main topics on the surveys being the general opinion that the public has on both countries and whether Israel should be allowed to attack Iran based on the potential threat that its nuclear program posses to Israel, the United States, and other countries across the world. Canada attracted the least attention of the six countries, with its mention being based on its ranking between nineteen other c ountries of the poll that Gallup conducted in 2009. The poll was on a general opinion basis on international affairs. In order to get a glimpse of what informs the opinions made by the people, it is important to look at some facts about the countries for a better understanding of the relationships that exist between the United States and the six countries. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia’s relations with the United States government have always been amicable. Although it is not exactly one of United States’ allies, it is also not one of its adversaries. Relations between the two governments date back to the 1960s during the Cold War, when Saudi Arabia acted as a useful ally to the United States. The two states share a common enemy, viz. the Salafi Islamist movement, an enemy that particularly brought the two together after the September 11 bombing of the United States in 2001. Another factor that has facilitated the cementing of relations of the two states is the valuable re sources that necessitate trade between the two countries. With the adversarial relation between the United States and Iran, and the American invasion of Iran that did not result in a pro-American regime, Saudi Arabia is the United States’ best bet as far as oil consumption is concerned. In a world affairs survey conducted by Gallups in February 2009 based on the general opinion of the American public, Saudi Arabia ranked twelfth out of nineteen countries that were subject to the study. Thirty one percent of the people interviewed gave a favorable opinion about the state while 60 per cent of the interviewees gave it an unfavorable opinion and the remainder of the percentage was either unsure or refused to comment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Public opinion about foreign countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high unfavorable percentage was probably due to the repercussions of the 9/11 bombings that happened in the United States. The bombings are likely to have altered the perspectives that Americans had on Arab nations in the years before. In 2003, for instance, Americans gave it a 40 per cent favorable rating and a 54 per cent unfavorable rating. Although not much, the rating in 2003 was more favorable than it was in 2009. Russia Russia falls in the list of the largest countries in the world and it is runs under the governance by a federal government under President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. Russia has been an ally of the United States since the Second World War and the two states have had mutually favorable ties on matters relating to the economy and the military. However, these ties seemed to weaken during the George Bush administration due to a conflict of interests on the issue of the number of long-range nuclear weapons that a country should have, with Russia having more than the United States. The American government has also shown disapproval for the ascension to power of President Vladimir Putin who replaced Dmitry Medvedev, the current prime minister of the nation. The main issue of contention between the United States with the Vladimir administration is the policies made by the administration that seem to affect the role of the United States in the alliance. There have also been allegations that set policies violate some of the human rights guarded by the United Nations. For instance, some of the issues raised include the limitation on demonstrations, the institution of an adoption ban by American citizens, tightened controls on non-governmental organizations, and an expanded definition on treason. Being super-powers, both nations try to have amicable relations in order to avoid any conflict major enough to cause a war. In a survey conducted by Gallup in 2009 on the general public opinion of the American people, Russia ranked eleventh, right after China. The total favorable vote was 40 per cent with a 53 per cent of unfavorable vote. This voting was very evident of the tense relationship between the two nations. In an independent survey conducted between 2002 and 2009 on the issue of foreign affairs and leadership, the same percentage of unfavorable votes was attained as opposed to a 70 per cent favorable vote and 28 per cent unfavorable vote obtained in 2002.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been a gradual decline since 2004 where the favorable percentage was 60 per cent and the unfavorable percentage 35 per cent. In 2007, there was a decline as favorable percentage stood at 52 per cent while the unfavorable percentage was 42 per cent. The Bush administration might have disagreed with Russia’s perspective on long-range nuclear weapons, but the current administration is focused on human rights issues, which is viewed by Russia a domestic issue that does not warrant the United States’ intrusion. An opinion poll held in 2012 reflects the findings of the 2009 survey, with the favorable opinion falling slightly to 39 per cent and the unfavorable opinion improving slightly to 51 per cent. Iran Iran is located in the western part of Asia and has a unitary form of government. It is an Arab country with the main religion being Islam, governed by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmad. Although not powerful enough to fall in the ranks of other states as a super power, it is a regional power and home of the world’s oldest civilizations such as the Elamite kingdom that existed in 2800BC. Iran and the United Sates government had a relatively calm relationship in the years preceding and during the Second World War. However, this relationship changed around 1953 when the United States, in conjunction with the United Kingdom, allegedly instigated a coup on its territory. Although the coup led to the change of governance into an autocracy, it also led to tension between Iran and the international community. This event culminated into the Islamic revolution in 1979 that saw Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was a pro-America leader, overthrown and the Islamic republic established under Ayatollah Khomeini, the revolution’s leader. Since then, relations with the United States have been strained and mainly adversarial with the disagreement on the issue of whether Iran should be allowed by the international commu nity to develop weapons of mass destruction. The American administration and the Israel’s government have raised concern on the possibility that such weapons may be used against the two countries and the United States’ allies, leading to the emergence of another global war. According to the survey conducted by Gallup in 2009, Iran ranked nineteenth out of the nineteen countries that were the subject of the survey. This trend was the general public opinion of the American people with 80 per cent of the people giving it an unfavorable vote and only 12 per cent giving it a favorable vote. In a study conducted by Pew research center on 15th of February 2012, in response to the question of whether it was more important to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons or to avoid conflict with Iran, 58 per cent of the interviewees voted for prevention of nuclear development. On the other hand, 30 per cent voted on the avoidance of conflict. In a related study in September 201 1 by Independent Media Review Analysis, when asked the question whether they thought that Iran would use its nuclear weapons to attack the United States, 79.9 per cent voted â€Å"yes† while only 12 per cent voted â€Å"no† and the remainder of the people either did not know or were not sure. This realization goes to show that the American people view Iran as an unwelcome threat. Israel Israel has a democratic government with a prime minister as the head of government. It is also famous for its long-standing conflict over land boundaries and annexation with the Palestinians. Over the years, the United States has been in a position to build a relationship with Israel as an important ally in the Middle East region, where most of the Arab states hold it in low regard. However, the United States has changed the form of assistance given to Israel from economic to military aid due to the impact that the continued economic aid has on the financial health of the American econo my. The United States views Israel as an important ally for even though it is a small nation, it has a strong military standing in the region as evident from its annexation of East Jerusalem. The two states also share a common adversary and perceived threat in Iran. In a Gallup’s 2009 survey, Israel ranked seventh out of a total on nineteen countries. The American people gave it a favorable rating of 63 per cent against an unfavorable rating of 29 per cent, which was an improvement from an earlier favorable rating of 59 per cent and unfavorable rating of 30 per cent from a general opinion survey carried out in 2003. In a separate survey in September 2011 carried out by the Independent Media Review analysis, in response of whether they thought Iran would use its nuclear weapons on Israel, 75.5 per cent of the people interviewed said ‘yes’ while 12.8 per cent responded with a ‘no’. In the same survey, when giving opinions on whether Israel should enlis t the military to ward off Iran from coming up nuclear weapons, 57 per cent said ‘yes’ in 2009 and the same percentage was reflective in 2011. Those who responded with a ‘no’ in 2009 formed 32 per cent of the vote and 31 per cent in 2009. However, in a survey carried out in 2012 by AJC, only 37 per cent of the respondents supported an attack on Iran by Israel. This data indicates that Americans show a favorable attitude towards Israel and they would support it in an invasion on Iran in case of a nuclear threat to either Israel or the US. China Since the 1978 economic reforms, China has become the world’s largest growing major economy and the second largest economy both by gross domestic product ratings and purchasing power parity. Relations between the US and China are complicated as they are neither enemies nor allies. However, they have a long-standing stable relationship built mainly on economic and military interactions. China compares to the Uni ted States in numerous aspects in terms of economy and military. Therefore, China and the US view each other as competitors. In addition to being trade partners, both states share common views in matters regarding terrorism and nuclear weapons development. In Gallup’s 2009 poll, China ranked tenth out of nineteen countries, with a favorable vote of 41 per cent and an unfavorable poll of 51 per cent. However, in a separate poll conducted in November 2012 by the Pew Research Centre, 65 per cent of interviewees were of the opinion that both countries have good relations, with 29 per cent holding the view that relations between the two states are bad. Sixty six percent of the people saw China as a competitor while 15 per cent and 16 per cent were of the view that the two countries are partners and enemies respectively. The poll also revealed that 68 per cent of Americans did not consider China as a trust worthy nation while 26 per cent were of the view that it was trustworthy to a fair extent. Fifty nine per cent of the people were more concerned with China’s economic strength than military strength, while 28 per cent were of the contrary opinion. The main aspect revealed in the survey was that even though most Americans viewed relations between the two countries as good, a majority of the interviewees were suspicious of China’s relations with the US, with 56 per cent of the people unsettled by its economic strength rather than military strength. Canada Canada and the US have had a longstanding relationship that has traversed a millennium. Both countries engaged in a military collaboration that started during the World War II, and continued throughout the Cold War and it is still evident to date. They are good economic partners and their relationship that is cemented further by migration and tourism. Foreign policies in both countries are similar and closely aligned, thus easing the interactions between the two countries. However, there have b een policies that Canada seems to disagree on such as the United States’ policies on terrorism, missile defense, and whether the Northwest passage is part of Canadian territory or on international waters. Regardless of those issues, American’s view Canada as a favorite in terms of relations, as the 2009 Gallup poll indicates. Canada was at the top of the list of nineteen countries with 90 per cent of the respondents in the survey giving it a 90 per cent favorable vote and only 6 per cent voting unfavorably. According to the 2009 report on the survey, Canada had held the top position for the four previous years by scoring a 92 per cent favorable vote in 2008. Analysis and conclusion From the surveys conducted, Canada was the favorite of the six countries to the American people, while they voted Iran as the least favorite in terms of general opinion. Iran and Israel have attracted the most attention, with the issue of concern being Iran’s potential for nuclear wea pons and whether Israel, an ally of the US, should attack Iran in order to prevent or halt the development of nuclear weapons. The main study area was governance with the trend of the majority of the opinions being prejudicial, with the relationship history between the US and the six countries forming the basis of these opinions. China got a different focus, with the people viewing it as more of an economic threat than a military threat. The majority of the opinions were predominantly negative with Canada being the only exception as far as unfavorable votes are concerned. A majority of the opinions given were interventionist with the focus being the United States’ interests in the countries and votes swaying toward the countries that indicated favorable interests for the US.

Compliment vs Complement

Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement By Ali Hale I had an email at work recently which read â€Å"This new software will compliment the existing system.† Can you spot what’s wrong with that sentence? If you get confused by the difference between compliment and complement, or if you’re unsure which to use when, read on. Compliment Merriam-Webster defines a compliment as â€Å"an expression of esteem, respect, affection, or admiration; especially : an admiring remark†. It comes from Middle French, via the Italian complimento, and the Spanish cumplimiento, which originates from the Latin verb cumplir: to be courteous. For example: I was trying to pay that girl a compliment, but she ignored me. Sometimes he blushes when you offer him a compliment. In the plural, compliments can also mean best wishes. It is often used as â€Å"with compliments† such as on a compliments slip (a small piece of letter-headed paper, often used by companies for a quick note to a customer or client when a full sheet would be too large.) You also see the phrase â€Å"with compliments of the season† in greetings cards. The verb â€Å"to compliment† is very similar, meaning â€Å"to pay a compliment to†. Note that it is a transitive verb so must have an object. For example: Are you trying to compliment me, or trying to insult me? When he complimented the girl on her dress, his friends laughed at him. Complimentary The adjective complimentary is closely related to the word compliment, and in this context it can mean either â€Å"expressing or containing a compliment† or â€Å"favourable† (Merriam-Webster): My mother made some very complimentary remarks about my choice of shoes. The new restaurant has a very complimentary write-up in the local newspaper. Complimentary also has the meaning â€Å"free†, when something is given as a courtesy or favour: Please accept these complimentary tickets. I thought that the mini-bar was complimentary, but we were charged for our drinks. Complement The word complement comes from the same root as complete. It has nothing to do with being courteous, and comes directly from Middle English, from the Latin word complementum. Merriam-Webster’s first definition is â€Å"something that fills up, completes, or makes perfect†, and it can also be used to mean â€Å"the quantity, number, or assortment required to make a thing complete†, though can sound a little odd or old-fashioned in this context: We had the full complement of pots and pans. Our store does not have enough employees to work the required complement of hours. Complement is often used in scientific, technical or academic areas of discourse, where the complement of X supplies what X is missing, thus making a complete whole. Examples of this usage are: Complement good (economics) Complementary colour (art) You can find a fuller list in Wikipedias entry for the term Complement. In everyday writing, complement is more often used as a verb. Again, it is a transitive verb: The illustrations complement the text. Our new software will complement the existing product. So, my email correspondent should have written that â€Å"This new software will complement the existing system.† But I suspect she wouldn’t have replied to compliment me if I’d written back to point out the mistake†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Types of Plots

Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Health - Essay Example In nutrition the method can be applied to develop nutrient recommendations, functions of nutrients and learn the role of nutrition in promotion of health and prevention of disease. Food additives are substances that become part of a food product when they are added during processing of the food product. There are direct and indirect food additives. Indirect food additives are found in foods after or during they are made. Indirect additives are not put in the food purposely and are present in the final products in small portions. Direct food additives can be man-made or natural. They are added during the processing of food. The direct additives are added to add nutrients to food products, aid process of foods, keep the final product fresh and make the food appealing. The functions of these additives include smoothness of food, preservation of nutrient value, maintenance of wholesomeness of foods, controls the acid-base balance of foods and above all to enhance the flavor of the food

Group project discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group project discussion - Essay Example f the applications can be applied to gain a competitive advantage in the market and to reap higher profits through either cost cutting or making higher revenues. Below, each of these applications is discussed along with its benefits and challenges of implementation. Customers are the main focus of SWU who they must treat with care, respect and value so that they keep returning to buy home decorations. The aim of a CRM system is to deliver the company’s services in such a way that it builds goodwill and customer loyalty. It is an interactive process that turns customer information into positive customer relationships. By offering â€Å"the right product (or service), to the right customer, at the right place, at the right time through the right channel, to satisfy the customer’s need or desire† customer loyalty, customer retention and customer profitability can be built (Swift, 2001). Today the emphasis of marketing has shifted towards 1 to 1 marketing and thus CRM now caters to needs of the customers by giving them customized products and services. Deploying CRM software from well known vendors including Siebel, SAP and Oracle, even large organizations are reaping enormous profits. CRM has grown into a business need and SWU can gain more market share by implementing it to cater to its small customer base. (Turban et al., 2005) While CRM systems cater to the customer side, SCM is involved at maintaining healthy relationships with the company’s suppliers and improving its supply side processes. Being a manufacturer of home decoration goods, SWU needs supplies and inventories of raw materials at the manufacturing times. Inventory management, costing, production and maintaining friendly relationships with the suppliers all comes under the domain of SCM. However in a competitive world, only this is not enough. The company needs to collaborate and share its information with the suppliers making them business partners to achieve the necessary integration required

Customer Value Essay Example for Free

Customer Value Essay Customer Value can be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the customer gets from the product/service and what he or she has to exchange in order to get it (may be money). It is very important for any company in the market to understand this difference; if failed to do so, this can be one of the biggest reasons for the product/service failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and social media the organization’s inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. Keeping its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their customer valuing. However, this can also be one of the most difficult things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we will focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, every customer values different product/service differently. It might be situational or might be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself! Technology and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which make it difficult for organization to bring in customer value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word â€Å"Customer Value† concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, â€Å"Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Which means – if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price will not be considered as of value by the customers, just like a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price; but a value of a product is only seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their expectation at an affordable price. Let’s take an example of coffee; some people love to drink coffee at Starbucks which may cost $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. Now, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which worth (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customer’s expectation. Different researchers have defined â€Å"customer value† in different ways but it all revolves around words like â€Å"benefits†, â€Å"satisfaction†, â€Å"expectation† and â€Å"worth†. If a company who wants to understand â€Å"customer value† for their product/service they need to understand more about these words with respect to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries it’s difficult to find synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize â€Å"customer value† in marketing their product can only be done by learning their â€Å"customers† and â€Å"market†. These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customer’s change is inevitable Customer’s needs or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile plan that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone customers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users. Further to this, a customer’s needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customer’s needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when he’s a father. (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation. At every point of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system to understand or to foresee customer’s need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customer’s needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs look at their products/services through customer’s point of view (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customer’s situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers. Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customer’s value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. Traditional human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to embrace self-service technologies which can create discomfort among some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000). There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing accept the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecommunication provider. The call keeps bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to visit banks personally for some services. This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 Lynch Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get information about the various products using internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends. Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customer’s expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the company’s current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung III (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didn’t reach its expected sales mark. Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customer’s expectations and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customer’s needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customer’s needs through employee’s perspective (or sales point of view) and not customer’s perspective. Now this â€Å"guessed† customer’s needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customer’s needs. This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customer’s needs. Customers were finding it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era. Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customer’s needs by proper findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously train their employees on the market and customer variations. Conclusion:  There are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customer’s psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that â€Å"The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch hole†. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Invisible Man Essay: Ellisons Influences and Inspirations

Ellison's Influences and Inspirations for Invisible Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All authors draw upon past experiences, people they have known, places they have been, as well as their own philosophy of life to write.   Ralph Ellison, in his book Shadow and Act refers to this process when he writes, "The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike" (xix).   In preparing to write his novel he notes that, "[d]etails of old photographs and rhymes and riddles and children's games, church services and college ceremonies, practical jokes and political activities observed during my prewar days in Harlem-all fell into place" (xxvii).   While the novel Invisible Man is not autobiographical, the plot, settings, characters, themes, and point of view show the influence of people, places, and stories from his childhood.    A case in point is the plot of Invisible Man.   The plot is divided into three main divisions: Invisible Man's school days, his involvement with the Brotherhood, and what happens to him during the Harlem race riot.   Ellison draws heavily on his years spent at the Tuskeegee Institute for the first part of the novel.   Jack Bishop, in his book Ralph Ellison maintains that all of Invisible Man's college days are based on Ellison's own days at Tuskeegee (45).  Ã‚      Most critics agree that the Brotherhood is a euphemism for the Communist Party which was active in the US from the beginning of the 1920s.   In an article entitled "Communist Party of the United States" in the Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, Robin D. G. Kelly reports that the popularity of the party among Blacks was due to its work to end racism and its support of Blac... ...lph. Invisible Man. New York: The Modern Library, 1994.   ---. Shadow and Act. New York: Vintage Books, 1972. Fabre, Michael. "Wright Richard." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Hill, Robert A. "Garvey, Marcus Mosiah." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Kelly, Robin D.G. "Communist Party of the United States." Encyclopaedia of African-American   Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Lawler, Mary. Marcus Garvey. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. O'Meally, Robert G. "Ellison, Ralph." Encyclopedia of   African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Smock, Raymond W. "Washington,Booker Taliaferro." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Tate, Gayle T. "Harlem Riots of 1935 and 1943." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.  Ã‚  

The Kenya Flourspar

The fluorite (CaF2) deposits were discovered by prof. Al Amin in 1967 in the areas of Kimwarer, Choff and Kamnaon. He was searching for semi-precious stones, and initially mistook the purple fluorite for gemstone. He therefore collected the sample and took them for analysis in Mombasa. It was later found to be fluorite.A hand-mining operation was started and the fluorspar was supplied to the Bamburi Portland Cement Company in Mombasa. At its peak, the operation, which relied on donkeys to transport the fluorspar, produced around 400 tons per month of high grade fluorspar. In 1971 the Fluorspar Company of Kenya (FCK) was established, under the auspices of the Kenya government, to exploit the deposits on a larger scale. Crushing and jigging plants were later put up at mining site for large scale production of the metallurgical grade. Kenya fluorspar was a state parastatal upto 1996 when it was privatized.It is currently owned by local and foreign investors. The company has seven active mining sites available from which ore can be mined depending on the grade and quality required. In 2003 the company obtained made a major investment in earth-moving equipment and plant upgrading. The deposit has been commercially mined since 1971. Initially, metallurgical grade fluorspar was produced. In 1975 a 100,000 ton per annum acid grade fluorspar concentrator was commissioned and by 1979 metallurgical grade fluorspar was no longer produced as primary product, but can still be produced as secondary product for smaller consignments.The Kimwarer ore deposit has now been mined for over 35 years It is an EPZ (Export processing zone). LOCATION Kenya Fluorspar is a concern based in the Kerio Valley in the district of Eldoret and Iten. FORMATION OF FLOURITE (CaF2) The fluorite is an industrial mineral formed 150 to 200 million years ago. It is formed by replacement reaction known as mesomatism. The magma or hot water containing fluorine and other minerals was forced up from deep wit hin the Earth. When this brine reached the calcium rich, limestone bedrock (CaCO3), fluorite crystals formed along the walls of fractures and voids in the rock.Flat layers of fluorite also formed parallel to the limestone beds, replacing the host rock. The fluorine replaced the CO32- from the CaCO3 to form CaF2. The CO32- was dissipated as CO2 and water. This process is further elaborated in equation below: Ca2- + F22- CaF2 (fluorite) GEOLOGY AND OCURRENCE Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal.The fluorite deposits are believed to be of hydrothermal origin in the Post-Miocene era when lavas formed a protective cap over Precambrian rocks in the area. The main deposit of fluorite is located at Kimwarer and is exposed on a series of five hills, four of which have been mined. Two other minor deposits knows as Choff and Kamnaon are approximately 2 to 5 km north of the present mine site and have been partially mined in the past for the production of metallurgical-grade spar. The Kimwarer ore bodies contain by far the largest ore reserves. The ore body contacts are distinct due to the buff colour of the ore in contrast to he grey gneiss, white marbles or pegmatites. Typically the fluorite is finely crystalline and disseminated through a siliceous matrix. Zones of high grade ore are often purplish or creamy yellow in colour with cavities filled with distinct cubic crystals. The Choffs have two ore bodies running parallel to each other for more than 3 km. The Choffs are separated by ridges and dips. The ore body pinches and swells and its width varies between 4 metres and 26 metres. This ore is soft and friable hence easy liberation in the plant and provides a good yield. The phosphate in this vein is medium to high.The Kamnaon ore bod y has more than five partly parallel veins with varying dips of between 35-45 degrees. There are a number of other sites which are yet to be explored. The Fluorite at Kerio Valley occur as a vein deposit, especially associated with galena, sphalerite, barite, quartz, calcite and metallic minerals, where they often form part of the gangue (the surrounding â€Å"host-rock† in which valuable minerals occur). It is a common mineral in deposits of hydrothermal origin and has been noted as a primary mineral in granites and other igneous rocks and as a common minor constituent of dolostone and limestone.The deposit at Kerio Valley is steeply diping at 40o, with strike varying with mine: Mine| Strike| Percentage CaF2| No. of mines| mines operating| Cheberen| North-South| 37%| 1-6| 1and3| Kamnaum| North west-South east| 40%| 1-5| 1| Choff| East-West| 50%| 1-12| 6and9| The deposit is stratified from Kamnaum to Cheberen1. The fluorite is polychromous i. e occurs in different colours dep ending on the trace elements. The different colours include: * Colourless * Orange * Green * Purple * Base yellow. GRADES OF FLOURSPAR The fluorite can be processed into grades depending on the use: 1.Acid grade: This grade is used in the manufacture of Hydrofluoric acid (HF). 2. Metallurgical grade: This grade is used as flux in steel and cement industry. 3. Ceramic grade: This grade is used in the manufacture of ceramics. Only the acid grade is currently produced by Kenya Fluorspar. Metallurgical grade was also produced but stopped. MAJOR IMPURITIES AVAILABLE IN FLUORITE 1. Silica (silicon dioxide), SiO2 2. Calcite (calcium carbonate), CaCO3 3. Phosphorus pentaoxide , P2O5 4. Iron(III)oxide, Fe2O3 STAGES IN MINING AND PROCESSIG OF FLOURITE (CaF2) 1. Exploration 2. Overburden removal 3. Mining . Processing EXPLORATION This is normally done to obtain sufficient information about the deposit in order to enable a safe and economic design and to avoid difficulties during mining of the fluorite. The Kenya Fluorspar utilizes the diamond core drilling machine to obtain the drill cores. This machine can drill upto 140m-180m depth. The drill cores are then logged upto beyond the fluorite zones. The drill cores are then taken to laboratory for testing. The cores undergo through assessment, determination and classification. Diamond core drilling equipment. LAND CLEARING AND OVERBURDEN REMOVALLAND CLEARING This involves the removal of all the trees and stumps including the roots from the mining site. In Kenya Fluorspar, currently land clearing and overburden removal is done at choff 9. The main equipment used for land clearing at choff9 is a D355 Komatsu tractor-mounted dozer. The brush is disposed by dumping in gullies. D355 dozer. OVERBURDEN REMOVAL This involves the removal waste soil or rock that overlies the ore. At Kenya Fluorspar the overburden depth depends on the stripping ratio and dipping angle. Dozer is the main equipment used for stripping the overburden at choff 9.This equipment pushes the overburden over the high wall. After the overburden has been stripped by the dozer, it is loaded onto trucks by a hydraulic hoe excavator for dumping in gullies. The waste is then pushed into gullies by the D355 dozer. Overburden is removed at a ratio of 3:1 to 8:1 (waste to ore) depending on the ore body, with over 700,000 tons of waste being stripped per annum at current production levels. Overburden is normally trucked away using 25 ton trucks provided by contractors. Overburden stripping continues until the fluorite is exposed. ORE EXTRACTION (MINING) Mining is by open cast methods.The exposed ore is extracted by drilling and blasting. A total of approximately 360,000 tons of ore is mined annually. The geology has indicated that the ore body extends beneath the valley floor level and an open pit is being planned. Drilling and blasting The Kenya Fluorspar utilizes two types of drilling equipment (rig) to drill holes. These include: 1. Down the ho le hammer (DTH). This is mainly used in solid hard formations. The hammer is just behind the bit. 2. Top hammer drill rig (TH). This is mainly used in loose formations. The hammer is on top of the drill string (pipes).Crawler mounted DTHTop hammer drill rig The drill pattern to be applied depends on the: 1. Size of the drill bit to be used. 2. Geological condition of the area. All the bits are 102mm The drill pattern is square, 3m by 3m (burden by spacing) when there is a free face and staggered in absence of a free face. The depth of the drill holes differs, with most holes 10m and others 7m and 4m. Subdrilling is normally 3m. Both the DTH and TH are crawler mounted with TH complete with compressor mounted on it. Kenya Fluorspar has 3 operating crawler mounted drilling machines (2 DTH and 1 TH).BLASTING This operation involves the following stages: 1. Preparation of ANFO 2. Hole charging 3. Initiation of explosives PREPARATION OF ANFO This involves mixing the ammonium nitrate with fuel (diesel) in the ratio 0. 075ml of diesel for every 1kg of ammonium nitrate. This operation is done by an explosive mixer in Kenya Fluorspar. HOLE CHARGING This process involves placing booster/ primer at the bottom of the drilled hole. The boosters normally used include: cast booster, pentolite booster and gelignite. The Kenya fluorspar utilizes the pentolite booster for the priming purposes.Before placing the primer it is connected to a detonator. These detonators include: 1. Plain detonators 2. Instantaneous electric detonators. After placing the primer, ANFO is added depending on the hole depth as shown in the table below: Hole depth| Height of ANFO| Stemming| 10m| 7m| 3m| 7m| 5. 5m| 1. 5m| 4m| 3. 5m| 0. 5m| These holes charged are then connected by 25MS (millisecond) nonel shock tubes, short period detonating delay (SPDD) type. The rows are connected by 17MS surface trunk lines (also nonel shock tubes). The nonel shock tube has the following advantages: 1.Produces low noise and vibration 2. It has less fly rock. It is because of the above advantages that make it useful near factory where less vibration are required. The nonel shock tube is very expensive. INITIATION OF EXPLOSION Once charging is complete the explosion can be initiated depending on the detonator used. Initiation can be done using the following: 1. Safety fuse which burns at a rate of 2 minutes per metre. This is used incase of plain detonators 2. Blasting machine incase of electric detonators. Secondary blasting is also done incase large boulders are produced in the primary blasting.Large boulders can also be broken using the rock breakers. LOADING AND HAULAGE The blasted ore is loaded into trucks by an hydraulic excavator (Komatsu) hoe. The loaded ore is hauled a short distance of between 2 km and 7 km by contracted trucks to the crushing plant. These trucks range from 10tons to 20tons. The ore stock pilled separately depending on the source. PROCESSING OF FLOURITE (CaF2) The processi ng of fluorite at the processing plant involves the following stages: 1. Blending 2. Crushing 3. Grinding 4. Conditioning 5. Floatation 6. Thickening 7. filtration 8. Stock pillingBLENDING Blending in normally done at the primary crusher by a wheel loader before feeding into the crusher in ratio of: 2cheberen:1choff:1kamnaum This blending ratio ensures that the feed is 40% CaF2 CRUSHING Types of crushers 1. Primary crusher: Jaw crusher 2. Secondary crusher: cone crusher 3. Tertiary crusher: cone crusher PRIMARY CRUSHING The ore feed to the hopper through a 12in grizzly screen. It is then feed to the primary crusher through an apron feeder and belt conveyor. The ore is first crushed in a primary stage crushing plant from a feed of 350 mm to less than 30mm in size.The ore that is less than 60mm but more than 30mm is passed through the cone crusher where it is further reduced to less than 30mm. Any material that is more than 30mm is passed through the tertiary crusher. GRINDINGTypes mi lls used in Kenya Fluorspar 1. Rod mill 2. Ball mill 3. Re-grind mill. It is then conveyed to the grinding circuit where the material is added to a rod mill along with water to form slurry. The rod mill instantly grinds the ore after which it is sized using a hydrocyclone. Any oversized material is passed to the ball mill for a further grinding to the desired size of 80%.The ore is now ready for conditioning and flotation. CONDITIONINGThis process takes place in the conditioner. This where the depressants and collectors are added. 1. Depressants a) Sodium fluorite which depresses the P2O5 b) Sodium bifluorite which also depresses the P2O5 2. Collectors a) Betacol b) TapiocaThis process renders the fluorite hydrophobic by the addition of a surfactant or collector chemical. FLOATATIONFlotation is the process that concentrates the ore. This is done by agitating the ore slurry in cells with air bubbles.By adding a combination of fatty acid reagents, the fluorspar in the ore attaches its elf to the air bubble to float to the top of the cell. This product is skimmed off leaving the waste in the bottom of the cell. The process is conducted in a series of rougher, scavenger, and cleaner cells that successively concentrates the ore from 40% CaF2 in the feed material to a minimum of 97. 0% CaF2 in the final concentrate. The water in the final product is then removed in a thickener and a rotary drum filter. This produces a filter cake concentrate containing approximately 11. % moisture. The samples are analyzed in the company's assay and research laboratory. The waste product is pumped to the tailings dam and settled water is recycled to the plant for reuse. A FLOATATION CELLPERCENTAGE CaF2 CONCENTRATED PER SERIES OF FLOATATION CELL FLOATATION CELL| PERCENTAGE CaF2 CONCENTRATED| ROUGHER CELLS| 80%| SCAVANGER CELLS | 85%-87%| CLEANER CELLS| 97%| FLOATATION CIRCUITDEWATERINGThe water in the final product is then removed in a thickener and a rotary drum filter. This produces a filter cake concentrate containing approximately 11. % moistureTHICKENER ROTARY DRUM FILTEROperational Sequence * Cake Formation With the overflow weir set to a maximum the â€Å"apparent submergence† is normally 33-35% so the slurry levels between 0400 and 0800 hrs. Once a sector enters submergence vacuum is applied and a cake starts to form up to a point where the sector emerges from the slurry. The portion of the cycle available for formation is the â€Å"effective submergence† and its duration depends on the number of sectors, the slurry level in the tank and the bridge setting which controls the form to dry ratio. Cake Washing and Drying After emerging from submergence the drying portion of the cycle commences and for non-wash applications continues to about 0130 hrs where the vacuum is cut-off. If cake washing is required the wash manifolds will be located from about 1030 to 1130 hrs and the remaining time to vacuum cut-off at 0130 is the portion allocated to final cake drying. * Cake Discharge After vacuum for the entire sector is cut-off air blow commences at about 0200 hrs in order to facilitate cake discharge.The blow, depending on the position of the tip of the scraper blade, will cut-off at approximately 0300 hrs. Drum filters are normally operated with a low pressure blow but on certain applications a snap blow is applied and to avoid the snapping out of the caulking bars or ropes wire winding of the cloth is recommended . Blow is used on scraper and roll discharge mechanisms but on belt discharge filters vacuum cuts-off when the filter media leaves the drum. The final product has composition shown in the table below: PRODUCT| PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION| Fluorite, CaF2| More than 97%|Silica, SiO2| Less than 1%| Carbonate, CaCO3| Less than 1%| Iron III oxide, Fe2O3| Neglible| Phosphorus penta oxide, P2O5| Less than 0. 5%| TAILINGS DAMTailings, also called slimes, tails, leach residue, or slickens, are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fluorite from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of the ore. These are the wastes from the floatation cells. Tailings are distinct from overburden or waste rock, which are the materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed.The tailing are pumped from the processing plant to the to tailings dam for disposal. The height is about 15m and dimensions are 150m by 30m. it is trapezoidal in shape. The dam also has drain pipes to remove the seepage water. Hydraulic cyclones are used to build the dam. The cyclones separate the tailings into fine and coarse material. The coarse materiel from the cyclone underflow is used to build the wall of the dam will the material and water is disposed into the dam. The water is recycled and pumped back for reuse into the factory. The will built until the dam touches the adjacent hill.LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROLL SECTIONThe company conducts two types of tests – chemi cal and metallurgical. The chemical section performs wet chemistry analysis (mainly titration) and operates 24 hrs a day throughout the year and each shift is headed by a qualified chemist. The metallurgical section mainly concentrates on research and development work. The sample (pellet) is subjected to an XRF machine which scans the sample imparting energy to it. The sample then radiates heat of various wavelengths. The wavelengths are analyzed by a computer program which displays the information instantly on the screen.Strict quality control of run-of-mine ore, exploration and final product analysis is maintained by sampling. KFC prides itself in the quality of its assays, which are always crosschecked with those of European laboratories, namely SGS (Netherlands), HOFF and BSI in the United States. Weight sampling and analysis:   All analyses are being performed by SGS Kenya Ltd (Swiss company) at the cost of the company. Apparatus in the laboratory: a) Two Jaw crushers (14in. and12in. ) b) Pulverizer c) Oven for drying d) Splitter e) XRF machine f) Analytical balance g)A pilot plantSample preparation i. Drying ii. Splitting iii. Crushing iv. Pulverizing. CARGO CONDITIONThe fluorite is Chemically inert, non-reactive, non-flammable, non-hazardous mineral sand. No hazard labelling required in accordance with IMO regulations. No special precautions for storage however, in order to maintain the purity of the material, it must not be allowed to be contaminated by any other material as it is used as the base product in sensitive chemical processes to produce other products and substances.TRANSPORT Once the acid spar is produced, the fluorspar is loaded into 10 ton trucks and hauled to the railway siding at Kaptagat, a distance of 37km. From here it is loaded into 36 ton rail wagons for the 860 km journey to the Mbaraki wharf at Mombasa. The wagons are offloaded at the wharf where the fluorspar is stockpiled and covered while awaiting shipment. The storage capac ity at Mbaraki is approximately 25,000 tons. The process of off-loading of wagons and trucks is labour intensive by means of manual labour.Loading of the vessels is conducted using an automatic Demag Ship Loader, owned and operated by Bamburi Portland Cement Company. An average rate of 2,500 tons per day can be loaded on a continuous basis even on public holidays. The quantity loaded and moisture analyses are conducted by an independent surveyor on a continuous basis to ensure a representative result of the product loaded. Since Mombasa is one of the main ports in East Africa, chartering of vessels to carry bulk cargoes to any destination in the world can be easily arranged. |

Graphing a Wave Essay

Name: A vibration is a wiggle in time; a wave is a wiggle in space and time. In this exercise, you will explore that connection by transferring the motion of the second hand of a clock (a vibration, even if a slow one), to a wave. Print out the image of a clock and open the spreadsheet called Grapher. You will find both of them in the same item where you found these instructions. Use a metric ruler to measure the displacement of the tip of the second hand every five seconds. That’s the distance above or below the center line that connects the 3 and the 9. Count the number as positive if the tip is above the line (towards the 12) and negative if below (towards the six). Enter each value in the tinted boxes in the Grapher tool and it will immediately plot them for you. Then answer the questions based on your graph. 1) What is the period of this wave, that is, the time for one complete cycle, in seconds? The period of the wave is .02 seconds 2) What is the amplitude of the wave? The amplitude is .01 3) If we had started from some other initial position – say, when the second hand was on the 3 – would the period still be the same? no yes X 4) Again, if we had started when the second hand was on the 3, would the amplitude still be the same? no yes X 5) So – again, if we had started when the second hand was on the 3, what would be different? Though we are starting from a later point, the period would still be the same distance, and amplitude is reliant on the period so if the period is the same then so is the amplitude. Simply the seconds from which we start measuring would be one notch behind, so the arch of each wave would be 5 seconds earlier. 6) Using the period from question 1, find the frequency of the wave. That frequency is of course way too low for us to hear. Please round you answer to three digits, not counting the starting zero; that is, round it to four decimal places total. The frequency is .0125 Hz 7) If you had used the same picture of the same clock but had graphed the minute hand instead, what would change about the graph? Nothing would change at all. The frequency would change. The amplitude would change. X 8) If you had plotted the motion of the second hand on your watch instead of the clock that you printed out, what would change about the graph? Nothing would change at all. The frequency would change. X The amplitude would change. 9) Since you are plotting displacement on the y-axis and time on the x-axis, this is an example of a _____ graph. Snapshot X frog-on-a-post 10) Are you old enough to remember the 90’s television series Home Improvement, starring Tim Allen? He was always saying â€Å"more power† and blowing up one electric tool or appliance after another by trying to make it  work faster. Suppose that he was able to make a clock run so fast that the second hand made one full lap in only one-tenth of a second (0.10 s), and suppose that it tapped a water surface each time it reached the bottom of its motion. If the waves it produced were 4.0 cm apart, at what speed (in cm/s) would they travel? The Waves would travel 40cm/s

Change in Medical Marijuana Essay

Change in Medical Marijuana Essay Change in Medical Marijuana Essay Final Draft May 3, 2013 Barrett, D. (2009, Feb. 7) Change in U.S. Medical Marijuana Policy Likely The Times West Virginian Retrieved 4,29, 2013 From, Http//:timeswv.com/headline news/x681698441/change-in-us-medical-marijuana-policy-1 A hopeful change in U.S. medical marijuana policy is likely, (Barrett, D 2009) to happen. The White House and Drug Enforcement Administration will not say for sure, but there could be some changes made. In 2009 it was said that, â€Å" Experts believe the Obama Administration will change the strategy and the law on medical marijuana†. (Barrett, D. ) 2009). â€Å" The President believes that federal resources should not be circumventing state laws, and as he continues to appoint senior leadership to fill out the ranks of the Federal Government, he expects them to review their policy with that in mind† said White House spokesman Nick Shapiro (Barrett, D. 2009). Thirteen states have laws permitting the use of medical marijuana: California for instance is unique for the presence of dispenser Aries, and businesses that sell marijuana, though dispensaries are illegal under federal law. It might be the law, â€Å"but contradicts the medical marijuana position of the power of the new president† (Barrett, D. 2009). Over time the Obama Administration eventually will instruct the Department of Agriculture empathetically to cut back on raids of dispensaries to conduct raids only on businesses. Who is to say the government can play the role of God and decide if a person is in pain or not? West Virginia is not one of the thirteen states medical marijuana is legal, it should be. I am speaking from experience with my mother who had multiplemyoloma, who was in a lot of pain, and

White Surname Meaning and Origin

White Surname Meaning and Origin The White last name has several different possible origins: White is usually a descriptive name or nickname given to a person with very light hair or complexion, from the Middle English whit, meaning white.The last name White may be also local, derived from the Isle of Wight, on the coast of Hampshire, England.In addition, some Whites originally were Wights, from the Anglo-Saxon wiht, meaning valiant. White is the 16th most common surname in England, the 20th most common last name in America, and the 10th most popular name in Australia. Surname Origin:Â  English, Scottish, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:Â  WHYTE, WHIET, WIGHT, WHYTTE Fun Facts About the Last Name Albus is the Latin form of the White surname. Famous People With the Surname Governor John White - governor of the failed Roanoke ColonyReggie White - NFL football legend, Pro Football Hall of FameEdward Higgins White II - American astronaut; died 1967 in the Apollo 204 fire at Cape Kennedy, FloridaStanford White - American architect Genealogy Resources for the Surname White Surname DNA ProjectThe goal of the the White surname project is to distinguish between White ancestral lines worldwide. White Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the White surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own White query. There is also a separate forum for the WHYTE variation of the White surname. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Has the United Nations Failed to Fulfil Its Founding Promise to Research Paper

Has the United Nations Failed to Fulfil Its Founding Promise to Maintain International Security - Research Paper Example For the first time in the history of wars, America used nuclear weapons in WW2 and the world witnessed the destructive power of the nuclear weapons for the first time. Moreover, the potentials of a simple regional conflict in becoming a global conflict were also revealed to the external world through Second World War. Many countries forced to take part in the WW2 because of circumstantial pressure. The failure of League of Nations in preventing WW2 forced the global leaders to think in terms of a more powerful global body and the result was the formation of UN. Different subdivisions such as The General Assembly, The Security Council, The Economic and Social Council, The Secretariat, and The International Court of Justice etc were also formed inside UN in order to manage international disputes of various kinds. However, UN has failed to settle many of the international disputes developed after its formation and it failed to fulfil its founding promise to maintain international securi ty. UN & International security The 1971 Indo-Pakistan war is one of the major examples in which UN failed to interfere effectively. In 1965 also, both India and Pakistan engaged in a severe battle for the ownership of disputed Kashmir. Until now, Kashmir dispute has not been solved amicably and India and Pakistan come closer for a third battle recently after the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attack. In one of the recently revealed cables, WikiLeaks revealed how India and Pakistan responded immediately after the 26 November, 2008 Mumbai attack by Pak terrorists. In the days immediately after 10 Pakistani Lashkar e Taiba terrorists killed 166 people in Mumbai, a man pretending to be India's then External Affairs Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, called Asif Zardari, Pakistan's president, to warn it was about to launch a military response. President Zardari immediately contacted the country's military leadership and ordered its air force to be put on high alert to confront a possible Indian attack. He also mounted a diplomatic campaign to put pressure on India withdraw its "threat"(Nelson, 2011). Irrespective whether the revelation of WikiLeaks is right or wrong, one thing is sure; India and Pakistan came much closer for a war after the Mumbai terrorist attack and the international community is responsible for avoiding this war. United Nations has not shown many interests in preventing this war. In fact none of the UN officials have shown any interest in this issue. The disputes between India and Pakistan are widening gradually and international community is afraid of a possible war between these two nuclear powers in the near future. Even at the time of writing this paper 9on September 7 2011), televisions flash news show that more than 10 people were killed and around 50 people injured in Delhi because of a bomb blast suspected to be conducted by the Pak terrorists. It should be noted that in the five years alone, India suffered three or four major terrorist attacks from Pa kistan. All these terrorist attacks were happened because of the disputes over Kashmir. UN seems to be not learning lessons from past experiences. It should be noted that UN failed to prevent two Indo Pak wars and it is doing nothing to prevent a third possible war between these two Asian powers. The 2001 World Trade Centre attacks and the subsequent development of war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan is another example for the failure of UN. It should be not