Racial Profiling - 1215 Words

Racial Profiling within America’s Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system of America is deeply scarred with racial bias. Crimes are being committed and, in turn, are resulting with innocent people doing hard-time. Thankfully, newfound methods of appealing court rulings are finding justice for these minorities; however, the results are as shocking as the crimes being committed. When it was found that the majority of successful appeals were of minorities, the true defects of the system was apparent. The minority community is being critically judged for things they’re not doing. Throughout the last decade lawmakers have be aiding the racial profiling scene. Arizona legislature passed a law allowing for an officer to demand†¦show more content†¦The study conducted by MSU examined jury selection as well as the decisions made by said juries. â€Å"The MSU study of capital charging and sentencing found that those who kill whites are more likely to get the death penalty than those who kill blacks. The MSU study found that a defendant is 2.6 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white.† (ACLU). Following the study, North Carolina passed a law entitled the â€Å"Racial Justice Act†. This piece of legislature made it possible for inmates to appeal their sentences due to supposed racial profiling. Since the passing of the law last year, there have been 4 successful appeals. The law doesn’t guarantee that the whole sentence will be reversed; however, it puts in place a system that allows for flaws in the length/severity of the sentence to be readdressed. The passing of the law as well as the MSU study prove that although there are more minorities being charged for crimes, the charges are of ill-willed intentions. In addition to undeserved charges, DNA testing has exonerated hundreds of people for crimes in which they were convicted over the past few years. When DNA testing became readily available to the criminal justice system, crucial flaws began to surface. It was realized that people were serving hard-time for felony crimes they didn’t commit.Show MoreRelatedRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling1430 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty years the issue of racial profiling has become extremely combative with regards to law enforcement practices. A common misconception begins as some people are unaware of what racial profiling actually is. Racial profiling typically deals with incarceration, miss education, and to certain extent slavery. The topic of slavery is relevant in the conversation of racial profiling because like slavery, African Americans have suffered ju st due their own identity. Profiling is essentially the selectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial ProfilingRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead More Racial Profiling is Necessary1040 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, Merriam-Webster’s definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.855).† The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed char acteristics or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.830).† Based on these definitions, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem969 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling has been an issue in society for as long as America had a criminal justice system. Racial profiling is a problem because it refers discriminatory practice bye-law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment was ratified which states, No state. Shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, would have made racialRead MoreThe Good and Bad of Racial Profiling1250 Words   |  5 Pages It has been said that racial profiling has been used more than once as a way to detain suspects that arouse suspcion according to NAACP. Racial profiling is the suspicion of people based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or other immutable charateristics rather than evidence based behavior. Eventhough statistics say otherwise racial profiling should not be used as a reasnoable right to detain an individual because it is unlawful, discrinmatory, and ineffective. Even though statisticsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is racial profiling. This issue, where authorities target certain individuals based on their racial characteristics, has never ceased. According to many influential claimsmakers, racial profiling has stained the United States by negatively affecting society and disturbing the certainty of justice. It is unconstitutional and leads to impactful consequences such as deaths, fear, and loss of trust in police officers, demoralization, and dehumanization of stigmatized groups of people. Racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

The Battle Of The American Civil War - 998 Words

The American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The economy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. They had invested heavily in their transport system, financial industries and communications network. The Southern economy produced cotton in large scale and relied slave labor. There was need to expand their economic empire and outlawing slavery could be detrimental to its progress. When Abraham Lincoln the candidate of antislavery Republican Party won the presidential election in 1860, the southern states seceded organizing as the Confederates States of America. On April 12, 1861, they opened fire on Fort Sumter at South Carolina. Lincoln called militia to suppress the rebels. Four more states joined the rebels and by the end of 1861, several battles had taken place. (Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, 2006) In 1861, military actions began in Virginia where non slave holding pro-Union Virginians sought to secede from the Confederacy. McClellan in command of federal forces in southern Ohio encountered small forces sent by Lee and won three significant battles. His victories helped toward elimination of Confederate resistance in northwestern Virginia which had refused to recognize secession. On May 6, LeeShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages How could a traumatic war possibly be a great cause to our country? The battles of the American Civil War for example, has dramatically affected this country in a plethora of ways; from abolishing slavery in the South, uniting the United States, and changing the political and social ways of how we are today. However, these are not the only changes to occur. Military and medicine started to advance, and even different cultures and languages began to develop across the land. As of today, it has beenRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesOn April 12th 1861 the famous American Civil War began, citizens from all over the United states fought against one another. The war pitted brother against brother in a fight primarily over the freedom of slaves. The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were white especially those serving the southern regiments, however African Americans served as well. The black regiments of the military during the civil were successful and essential. These African Americans were referred to as Buffalo SoldiersRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words   |  4 PagesA Confederate Divided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the e mergence of a new form of large national government withRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1425 Words   |  6 PagesThree years after the attack on Fort Sumter, one of the most controversial battles of the American Civil War was fought in West Tennessee. The battle at Fort Pillow, located near the Mississippi River about 50 miles north of Memphis, was a bloody slaughter of a mixed Union garrison. The garrison was comprised of 557 men total, about half of those men were African American s in the 6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery, and the 2nd Colored Light Artillery, commanded by Major Lionel F. Booth.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1018 Words   |  5 Pages On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg in a battle that still remains the single bloodiest day in American history. The battle consisted of many attacks and counterattacks between Union General George B. McClellan and The Army of the Potomac against Confederate Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Confederates managed to fight relentlessly over the course of the struggle. However, afterRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War2055 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War was an infamous struggle fought, primarily, on the issue of slavery. This war shook the nation to its very core, and its legacy has lived on in the hearts and minds of American citizens. Few words have a stronger impact, or strike as familiar of a note, as the words â€Å"Four score and seven years ago.† Americans recognize this statement on a subconscious level, even if they do not know whe re they are from. These words were spoken in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, at a pivotalRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stonewall† Jackson was alive in a very tense time for American History. The Southern States were in a full scale rebellion from the Union now calling themselves The Confederate States of America. The previously unified nation was split into two opposing sides going head to head in a battle to the death, with no end in sight. Starting his career in the US military, Jackson continued on to become one of the most famous generals in the American Civil War. Many historians consider him not only a strong leaderRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a battle that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. This war ripped the entire country into two opposing sides and forced them to fight against each other due to differences in beliefs. Al though this War brought great tragedy across the entire nation, some refer to this time period as an American Revolution. But how could a time that caused mass amounts of death and terror be considered a period that revolutionized the country? By exploring this time period

River Basin Management Environment in the UK

Question: Write an essay on River Basin Management? Answer: The environment agency is the leading public body which protects and improves the environment in the UK. It is a general trend that everyone should make sure that all the natural elements on the earth like the air, land and water are taken care of well in todays world in order to ensure that all the generations tomorrow inherit a cleaner and a healthier world. This work includes all types of cleanliness activities like cleaning up of rivers, ensuring that the flooding of rivers doesnt cause any damage, pollution incident are well taken care of, coastal rivers and coastal water basins are maintained well, contaminated land is cleaned up in order to ensure that the living conditions are improved and the wild life is also provided a better life to live in the world creating a better habitat for them. In this article we would cover the different aspects of river basin management including aspects which focus on public health, factors which contribute to the better living conditions, the bacteria prevailing because of human faecus and which might be responsible for a lot of living hindrances in the world. We would look at the data which is available and which has been researched on like hydrology, hydrogeology, abstractions which are available, status of ecology, ground water management units, river assessment under various parameters like temperature, bacteria because of various physical conditions, suspended solids and nitrate issues in the environment which could affect the health of the people, presence of bacteria, climatic change, water company and resource plans including the plans of promoting water efficiency. Introduction The Environment Agency is committed to ensure that water available in todays world is managed in a sustainable way which can benefit the users and the environment in all possible ways so that the users and the environment can benefit in the maximum possible way which would be a better option in managing the water resources even at the local level. River basin management River basin management is the approach which the Environment agency has been using to ensure that the combined efforts achieve the improvement which is needed in the South East River Basin District. River basin management is a continuous process of planning and delivery. The water framework directive issues a time period of 6 years directives which exist to prevent deterioration in the status of aquatic eco systems, to protect them and improve the ecological condition of the waters To achieve a good status of all the water bodies by the end of 2015 To meet the requirements of water frameworks directives in the protected areas To conserve the habitats and species which are directly dependent on water To progressively reduce and eliminate all types of pollutants in the environment today which would pose a greater threat to the environment at a later stage To progressively reduce the ground water pollution and to prevent the release of all types of pollutants into it The CAMS area The Adur and the CAMS area cover a total land of about 1073km2 where it encompasses the catchment of the River Ouse and the River Adur. The CAMS area is characterized by a major concentration of the urban development along with the south coast which includes the Brighton and Hove which have ports of Shoreham and Newhaven. This area attracts a lot of tourists from different parts in the world (Brighton and Hove City Council, 2004). Inland from the coast the area is normally rural with the presence of a lot of small towns and villages amidst the very attractive country side. Much of this area includes the Sussex downs and the High Weald areas of outstanding natural beauty AONBs which recognize the importance of this land and provide protection in order to protect the character and landscape value of these areas. Some of the main inland towns include Lewes, Uckfield, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill. There is limited industrial exposure in this area and most of it is associated with the service sector, tourism, environment and recreation aspects which also includes agriculture to a minimum extent. Hydrology and Hydrogeology The River Adur and the River Ouse support a diverse range of habitats and they also support abstractions for public water supply PWS for agriculture and industry. The River Adur is hugely flashy in terms of nature as it responds quickly to the rainfall events and lower summer flows. The River Adur is also fed by the perennial springs constantly which emanate from the northern slopes of the regions which provide a limited quantity of base flow to some of the tributaries of the river. The River Ouse is the second largest river catchment in Sussex. It rises on the Tunbridge Wells Sands in the High Weald and flows predominantly east and then south over before cutting through the Sussex Downs to the English Channel at Newhaven. The Weald Clay also underlies much of the Ouse catchment and this also is a factor for the flashy character of the river as it is prone to winter flooding which is similar to the Lewes and Uckfield which has happened in 2000. It is the largest tributary where the River Uck also has a flashy character which is prone to flooding which is similar to its other tributaries like Bevern and Clay hill streams. The River Ouse has a rich history of navigation which has been managed to support various uses of these aspects like flood defence, fisheries aspects, flooding in the interest of the agriculture and other industries in terms of mills and iron workings and all these aspects form an important part of the PWS. All these aspects have resulted in the form of legacy complex arrangements of structures like weirs and sluices in order to regulate the flow and levels in the river (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1994). The rivers are normally used to conduit to move the water from the reservoir to the abstraction point. The reservoir releases fundamentally alter the rivers hydrological regime. Summer flows are raised well above all the levels which would occur naturally (Floodplain Management, 1995). These factors have important consequences for water resources which are available in the river. This also helps the base flow of the tributary streams of the River Ouse where some of the parts of the area have also suffered from the significant flooding during the winter of the seasons in 2000 and 2001 where pressure from new development and rising household demand has been increasing with the rise in the need for water. All the resources which are available are well balanced between meeting of demands of the existing abstractions and the need to protect water from the river flows which meet the environmental and other stream requirements. There are various mechanisms in order to control the water flows and the reservoir water actions which is dependable on the ground water levels in different areas and these aspects are monitored constantly through CAMS which is used during the drought and flood monitoring. These investigations are helpful in numerous ways for abstractions, discharges, unit operations and distribution of water supplies to various areas on a need basis. There are various abstraction points in terms of ground water levels and bore wells which are located in Brighton and the rainfall is measured in various sites in such places. The ongoing collection and analysis of hydrometric data is essential for assessing the water resources and the sustainability issues which are around it. This is the most common scenario in almost all the countries which are mainly dependent on industries in terms of their growth as there are other factors which get associated with it like air and water pollution are related to each other (South East England Regional Assembly 1995). Whichever country we consider all of them have grown to a significant level and they have a similar kind of industries and growth factors which affect the lives of people in that country. We could also consider the facts whether UK has taken help from the other developed countries and whether they have implemented such factors to solve the issue. Many researchers have proved that UK could implement various measures to handle cases of air pollution however it faced a lot of issues to implement the measures and manage the system effectively (Sussex Downs Conservation Board 2004). The country which has seen a wonderful growth in all its aspects, a country which has developed a lot by facing a lot of situations and a country which every developed country compare themselves with and a country with which every developed country would manage trade with has been facing issues in terms of managing their environmental system. UK is a country which has experienced a good economic growth and a country in which people have been very happy in terms of their standards of living but the people are also accepting the fact that it is coming with a big price which is facing an environmental issue which is becoming unmanageable like air pollution because they have to face it every day as they go out to carry on their normal lives as they have to go out for work, children go out to study and so many other factors. The government of UK has adapted and followed a theory which says that the countrys economic development is required and it is the only critical factor which can improve the environmental situation in any country. Many researchers have proven that if the economic development of a country is low then the no. of people who would be living in low economic conditions would be more which would increase a lot of conditions which would affect the environment in the country. If the economic development of a country is good the economic conditions of the people living in that country would also be good and the people who are rich would live a healthy lifestyle which would involve a good environment (Hays, 2008). There were many researchers who proved the significant relationship between the pollutants and the economic conditions of a country especially UK. It was proven that the relationship between the income of the people and the pollutants depend on a lot of factors like what kind of pollutants they might be, what are the effects of such pollutants and what are the places where such pollutants might be located and if there were any measures which were taken to solve such issues. The main reason behind UK facing such an issue is that it had gone through a lot of pressure in dealing with its economic situation in the 80s and 90s (Elevated Residential Structures 1990). That was the period when UK decided to adapt a theory called the EKC model which had its emphasis on the economic development than the environmental protection of the country. One more factor which contributed to such a situation of air pollution was that some of the areas in which the lower economic group of people were livin g much very distant from those of the people who were living in richer areas. This has caused a lot of issues where such areas of lower economic group of people never had any kind of a development or an improvement which has caused a lot of issues and such issues are still present in the country and have become a major issue for the economic development and growth of the country. One factor which the government of UK has not taken into consideration was that the areas which were filled with the lower economic group of people had the greatest benefits in terms of any kind of natural products (Williams, 2008). Let us look at some of the facts which have caused lot of air pollution in UK which have caused the economic development of the country face a major slow down (Francis, 2012). There are various factors which cause a major hindrance to the public health of the people because of various factors which are related to pollution and all of those which are linked to each other. Some of those facts are: There have been many researchers who have proved that there were a lot of surveys which were conducted in the years and they have proven that most of the cities in UK have not met any of the standards of national air One more research has proven that 16 cities of the worlds 20 cities which are air polluted are in UK Most of the Britishhave recognised the fact that there have to be some measures which need to be taken for protecting the environment and that most of the people in UK breathe a lot of polluted air and are getting affected and most of the environment smells like some of the gases One of the most critical factors which is affecting UK environment is Britishmeasures to improve their economic growth by establishing a lot of industries, coal plants and all such industries release a lot of soot into the air The factor which keeps all of us in a lot of thoughts is that the pollution in UK and Shanghai are so high that they are filled with smog and most of the times they cause a lot of interruption the air traffic Some of the other facts are that people cannot see the streets from their building in Shanghai and that there is no concept of a tour to the landscapes We have seen some of the facts about the air pollution in UK and the factors which cause such kind of air pollution. Let us look at the types of air pollution in UK and the particles which are constituted by air and what do such particles comprise of. The air pollutants in UK are comprised of a lot of elements like sulphates, dust, carbon, the soot which comes out of all the industries, soot which is produced by burning coal, burning any kind of material in the industries or any other fields and any other kind of soot Such particles of carbon cause a lot of damage to the lungs and most of the British suffer from various kinds of lung disorders which are caused by such pollutants Air pollution is one of the major reasons for most of the diseases as the kinds of particles which cause various other types of pollution can be purified in some way or the other by implementing various methods but the air pollution is one factor which can cause a lot of diseases and cannot be purified by adapting any methods. Most of the particles in the air when the country is filled with industries comprise of some kind of carbon which is made of a lot of smaller particles. These particles can enter into the lungs directly when an individual breathes and this can cause a lot of diseases which could result in causing death Apart from the factors which cause air pollution like the smoke and the soot which comes out of such factories dust which comes from storms is also one of the main reasons for causing air pollution There are various pressures and impacts of risk assessments in the characterization process because of the impact of human activity on surface waters and ground waters with the help of identification of the water bodies which is at a risk of failing to meet the Directives environmental objectives. With all these above factors it has been proved that the pressure and impact show that there is likelihood that a water body might fail to meet the required assessment requirements and would not meet the environmental objectives until some appropriate environmental actions are taken. The environmental objectives which are needed to be taken care of are as given below For surface water The achievement of good and ecological balance and good surface and water chemical status Achievement of good ecological balance potential and good surface water chemical status which is required for heavily modified water bodies HMWB and the artificial water bodies AWB Achievement of water related objectives and standards for all protected areas Conclusion The Water Framework directive is a part of the UK law and the Environment Agency which has a responsibility of protecting the environment and fulfills its objectives. The environment in Adur and Ouse can be protected from all types of pollutants related to air, ground water and surface water by taking up various projects on a yearly basis. The Adur and Ouse partnership is a new collaboration which aims to achieve more projects in terms of environmental protection by engaging the local community. References Brighton and Hove City Council. 2004. A different kind of city a unique destination - A strategic framework for tourism development for Brighton and Hove [online]. Available from: https://www.brightonhove.gov.uk/downloads/tourism/Tourism_Strategy_20 04.pdf (Accessed March 2004) South East England Regional Assembly. January 2005. The South East Plan, Draft for Public Consultation. https://www.southeastra.gov.uk/southeastplan/plan/cons_draft_jan05/execut ive_summary.pdf (Accessed 02/02/05) South East Water Plc. 2003. June Return 2003 Board Overview. https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publis h.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/jr03_mse_overview. doc/$FILE/jr03_mse_overview.doc (Accessed 14/06/04) Southern Water Services Ltd. 2003. June Return 2003 Board Overview. https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publis h.nsf/Content/jr03_srn_overview_tabled (Accessed 14/06/04) Sussex Downs Conservation Board (March 2004) Interim South Downs Management Plan A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management. Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force. FEMA 248. 1994. Addressing Your Communitys Flood Problems: A Guide for Elected Officials. Association of State Floodplain Managers, Inc., joint project with the Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force. 1996 CRS Credit for Higher Regulatory Standards. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Flood Insurance Program/Community Rating System. 1996. To order, see the order form at the end of Unit 9. CRS Credit for Stormwater Management. Federal Emergency Management Agency. National Flood Insurance Program/Community Rating System. 1996. To order, see the order form at the end of Unit 9. Elevated Residential Structures. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 54. 1984 Elevator Installation for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in Accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Technical Bulletin 4-93, FIA-TB-4. 1993 Engineering Principles and Practices for Retrofitting Flood Prone Residential Buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 259. 1995 Flood Proofing Programs, Techniques and References. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1996 Flood Proofing Regulations. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EP 1165-2-314. 1992 Floodplain Management 1995: State and Local Programs. Association of State Floodplain Managers. 1995 Managing Coastal Erosion. National Research Council. 1990 Managing Floodplain Development in Approximate Zone A Areas: A Guide for Obtaining and Developing Base (100-Year) Flood Elevations. Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 265. 1995

Late Adulthood and Death Paper Essay Example

Late Adulthood and Death Paper Paper Late Adulthood and Death Paper PSY/280 July 19, 2011 Late Adulthood and Death Paper Analyzing late adulthood and the death of an individual as a culmination of the life span development process one must understand late adulthood consists of. This paper will give a brief overview of ageism and stereotypes associate with late adulthood. This will explain how health and wellness techniques in the late adulthood stages can mitigate the negative effects of aging. As people age the social views and experiences changes in relationships and interactions with individuals, as he or she nears end of life. When closely approaching the end of life, a person has cultural and personal attitudes about death and dignity in late adulthood. Ageism and Stereotypes When examining ageism and stereotypes associated with late adulthood defines as ones prejudice or discrimination that occurs on the basis of age. When thinking about ageism one must look at the disengagement theory (Cumming Henry, 1961) that proposes that adults voluntarily reduce the contact with society rather than experiencing exclusion later and the disappointment not chosen. Other ageism statements say that older people forced involuntarily to give up participation with society. The disengagement theory justifies withdrawal from social institutions. Stereotyping defines as one making comments to someone saying that a certain age does a task that way. Stereotypes toward old people are cruel and unethical because one-day he or she will be in the same situation. Some stereotypes include older people show depression and loneliness, all old people look the same, old adults look sick, frail, and dependent, last older adults act cognitively and psychologically impaired. We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood and Death Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People who make stereotypical comments do this to build one’s own self confidence. If one researched all the data about the stereotypical comments one would see the comments made are not as accurate as he or she believes. Everyone deserves to be respected, especially as one ages. Health and Wellness Aging is inevitable, a fact that cannot be ignored. The aging process in late adulthood is called senescence. People cannot stop the effects of aging but there are alternatives that can help ease the process. These measures are not always followed because people make poor life choices such as smoking. Aging adults will even spend millions of dollars trying to slow the process of aging. No matter how much money they spend aging will occur. Most aging adults do not receive the necessary preventive services to help promote health and wellness during this stage of life. These preventive services include vaccinations and screenings. These important services help detect many diseases, delay their onset, or identify them early in their most treatable stages to ensure healthier, longer, and more productive lives for older adults (Prevention, 2011). Better people take care of themselves the longer they will live. People who balance: the right diet, making better choices and not acting sedentary has a better chance in living longer lives. With the advances in medical care, better health practices, improved nutrition, and other factors help people live longer. As long as older adults are following the correct measures, they can help counter the effects of aging because this stage here most people retire, they need to stay active and keep eating healthy foods. By not living actively can lead to his or her body shutting down, and may also lead to an early death. Many programs are available that older adults can join to help keep them on track. Aging adults can also receive information from their doctors and pamphlets from clinics that will give them a guideline to follow to age gracefully. Importance of Relationships and Social Interactions Humans are social animals, dependent on one another for survival and drawn to one another for joy, (University of Phoenix, 2010). Studies show that married older people are healthier, wealthier, and happier than unmarried people and their spouse’s support can help extend their lives. The importance for older adults to have a partner helps because they can depend on each other for help, and they can also help each partner in an area that they are experiencing trouble with because of age. Older adults experience capabilities of being able to have an even give and take relationship and give mutual respect in the relationship. * Older adults who have no partner should have social interactions daily as it has proven emotionally healthier than to be alone. Also older married adults must adjust to their interactions with his or her spouse because they will be together much more when they retire. This constant interaction can lead to disputes but has shown that older adults in a close marital relationship have been proven less depressed and less eager about disabilities that may present themselves because of age. * The importance of companionship in older adults, the average married woman will experience four to ten years of widowhood. The average man will experience none. The first two years can be especially difficult for the widow, but studies show that women come to enjoy the newfound independence and few seek new companionship. For widowers it is not the same, widowers have fewer friends and receive less support from the family. Those widowers try to interact to find new companionship. * Cultural and Personal Attitudes The aging process and developmental stages come to the end once a human being is deceased. A normal life cycle will have its last developmental and cognitive stage in late adulthood. This is a period is defined by the individual’s death. The cognitive learning and development in late adulthood shares some traits with the early stages of life. In this final stage the individual is seeking relationships with his close family and will create dependency on the family members. These dependencies are in all areas of human life. The cognitive and physical abilities of a person experiencing late adulthood are decreasing. Cultural factors play important roles in the lives of the elders. Different cultures will dictate the way that the older person will be taken care of financially, emotionally, social, and in all the remaining areas. Different cultures will have different approaches to this final stage; usually the children will adopt a more active role in their parent’s life. In this transition process that occurs in the late adulthood is a dynamic shift in responsibilities and roles. The elders will not be responsible for their children’s; the children will be responsible for their parents. This has a clear decrease in the analytical abilities. The cultural influence in the upbringing will determine if the alders will be on assisted living facility or will be solely responsibility of by family members. During this stage cognitive development is influenced by the mortality and their legacy. This stage the individual will realize his mortality and most cases assume a role of an amicable person than an authoritarian figure. The spouse also plays an important role on the individual quality of life. All the persons surrounding an individual in late adulthood will focus in providing a good quality of life, a safe environment, and a honest relation. Like in the early stages of life the family component is one of the driving entities in this stage. Family and close friend will have a direct impact in the quality of the individual. Once the individual’s need get more complicated the family will decide to take the person to a nursing home because the medical need cannot be meet by the family. The late adulthood is a stage very complex and full of different experiences. This transition stage allows the relinquishing of responsibilities to family members and in many instances they will seek the oldest knowledge. This stage should be used to resolve and organize the individual’s state. Ensuring that everything is taking resolved will provide a sense of accomplishment and serenity. At that time the main focus should be ensuring the quality of life remaining. Different cultures have different approaches to the wellbeing of the older adults; all have the same goal, to obtain and maintain the highest quality of life for the older. This is also complemented by the medical advantages available. Hospice care and pain management are some important tools available for the families to ensure dignity in this stage of life; that many consider a beginning, not the end. * References Berger, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the Life Span, 1e. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Todd D. Nelson, (2004). Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. : Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Prevention, C. f. (2011, March 14). Clinical Preventive Services for Older Adults. Retrieved July 17, 2011, from CDC: http://www. cdc. gov/features/PreventiveServices/

American Public opinion about foreign countries

American Public opinion about foreign countries Introduction Public opinion plays a big role in every society, especially on issues concerning governance. This assertion is true in democratic governance where core values revolve around the freedom of choice and expression.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Public opinion about foreign countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public opinion can be defined as an aggregate of opinions from numerous individuals on specific issues based on their attitudes and beliefs. In order to establish the public opinion on any given issue, an individual or institution conducts a survey on a substantial number of individuals, thus collecting data on their views concerning the subject of the survey. This survey is referred to as an opinion poll or simply a poll. Public opinion forms the basis of campaign strategies for leaders seeking election into a certain office. It also forms the basis for policies made in gove rnment concerning most matters of public interest. The usual duration for conducting polls is on a yearly basis, although sometimes they take place in shorter intervals depending on the urgency and the importance of the issue at hand. This paper focuses on the American public opinion about foreign countries based on polls conducted between the year 2002 and 2012. The countries of focus are China, Russia, Canada, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. Some of the surveys conducted are focused on general opinion while others are focused on political and economic issues. This paper highlight some of the trends that are evident from the polls, the ratings that the countries get both independently and in relation to each other, and gives a conclusion on the issues that receive the most attention as well as the implications of the poll results. Public opinion Over the years, pollsters in the United States have conducted several polls over the public opinion on the six countries mentioned earlier . However, of concern to this paper are ten surveys that were carried out between 2002 and 2012. Gallup research centre carried out eight of the surveys in eight different years, while the World Public Opinion organization conducted one survey on Israel’s proposal to strike Iran and several other institutions contributed to a separate survey on the same issue.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Israel and Iran attracted most of the pollsters’ attention with the main topics on the surveys being the general opinion that the public has on both countries and whether Israel should be allowed to attack Iran based on the potential threat that its nuclear program posses to Israel, the United States, and other countries across the world. Canada attracted the least attention of the six countries, with its mention being based on its ranking between nineteen other c ountries of the poll that Gallup conducted in 2009. The poll was on a general opinion basis on international affairs. In order to get a glimpse of what informs the opinions made by the people, it is important to look at some facts about the countries for a better understanding of the relationships that exist between the United States and the six countries. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia’s relations with the United States government have always been amicable. Although it is not exactly one of United States’ allies, it is also not one of its adversaries. Relations between the two governments date back to the 1960s during the Cold War, when Saudi Arabia acted as a useful ally to the United States. The two states share a common enemy, viz. the Salafi Islamist movement, an enemy that particularly brought the two together after the September 11 bombing of the United States in 2001. Another factor that has facilitated the cementing of relations of the two states is the valuable re sources that necessitate trade between the two countries. With the adversarial relation between the United States and Iran, and the American invasion of Iran that did not result in a pro-American regime, Saudi Arabia is the United States’ best bet as far as oil consumption is concerned. In a world affairs survey conducted by Gallups in February 2009 based on the general opinion of the American public, Saudi Arabia ranked twelfth out of nineteen countries that were subject to the study. Thirty one percent of the people interviewed gave a favorable opinion about the state while 60 per cent of the interviewees gave it an unfavorable opinion and the remainder of the percentage was either unsure or refused to comment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Public opinion about foreign countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high unfavorable percentage was probably due to the repercussions of the 9/11 bombings that happened in the United States. The bombings are likely to have altered the perspectives that Americans had on Arab nations in the years before. In 2003, for instance, Americans gave it a 40 per cent favorable rating and a 54 per cent unfavorable rating. Although not much, the rating in 2003 was more favorable than it was in 2009. Russia Russia falls in the list of the largest countries in the world and it is runs under the governance by a federal government under President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. Russia has been an ally of the United States since the Second World War and the two states have had mutually favorable ties on matters relating to the economy and the military. However, these ties seemed to weaken during the George Bush administration due to a conflict of interests on the issue of the number of long-range nuclear weapons that a country should have, with Russia having more than the United States. The American government has also shown disapproval for the ascension to power of President Vladimir Putin who replaced Dmitry Medvedev, the current prime minister of the nation. The main issue of contention between the United States with the Vladimir administration is the policies made by the administration that seem to affect the role of the United States in the alliance. There have also been allegations that set policies violate some of the human rights guarded by the United Nations. For instance, some of the issues raised include the limitation on demonstrations, the institution of an adoption ban by American citizens, tightened controls on non-governmental organizations, and an expanded definition on treason. Being super-powers, both nations try to have amicable relations in order to avoid any conflict major enough to cause a war. In a survey conducted by Gallup in 2009 on the general public opinion of the American people, Russia ranked eleventh, right after China. The total favorable vote was 40 per cent with a 53 per cent of unfavorable vote. This voting was very evident of the tense relationship between the two nations. In an independent survey conducted between 2002 and 2009 on the issue of foreign affairs and leadership, the same percentage of unfavorable votes was attained as opposed to a 70 per cent favorable vote and 28 per cent unfavorable vote obtained in 2002.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been a gradual decline since 2004 where the favorable percentage was 60 per cent and the unfavorable percentage 35 per cent. In 2007, there was a decline as favorable percentage stood at 52 per cent while the unfavorable percentage was 42 per cent. The Bush administration might have disagreed with Russia’s perspective on long-range nuclear weapons, but the current administration is focused on human rights issues, which is viewed by Russia a domestic issue that does not warrant the United States’ intrusion. An opinion poll held in 2012 reflects the findings of the 2009 survey, with the favorable opinion falling slightly to 39 per cent and the unfavorable opinion improving slightly to 51 per cent. Iran Iran is located in the western part of Asia and has a unitary form of government. It is an Arab country with the main religion being Islam, governed by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmad. Although not powerful enough to fall in the ranks of other states as a super power, it is a regional power and home of the world’s oldest civilizations such as the Elamite kingdom that existed in 2800BC. Iran and the United Sates government had a relatively calm relationship in the years preceding and during the Second World War. However, this relationship changed around 1953 when the United States, in conjunction with the United Kingdom, allegedly instigated a coup on its territory. Although the coup led to the change of governance into an autocracy, it also led to tension between Iran and the international community. This event culminated into the Islamic revolution in 1979 that saw Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was a pro-America leader, overthrown and the Islamic republic established under Ayatollah Khomeini, the revolution’s leader. Since then, relations with the United States have been strained and mainly adversarial with the disagreement on the issue of whether Iran should be allowed by the international commu nity to develop weapons of mass destruction. The American administration and the Israel’s government have raised concern on the possibility that such weapons may be used against the two countries and the United States’ allies, leading to the emergence of another global war. According to the survey conducted by Gallup in 2009, Iran ranked nineteenth out of the nineteen countries that were the subject of the survey. This trend was the general public opinion of the American people with 80 per cent of the people giving it an unfavorable vote and only 12 per cent giving it a favorable vote. In a study conducted by Pew research center on 15th of February 2012, in response to the question of whether it was more important to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons or to avoid conflict with Iran, 58 per cent of the interviewees voted for prevention of nuclear development. On the other hand, 30 per cent voted on the avoidance of conflict. In a related study in September 201 1 by Independent Media Review Analysis, when asked the question whether they thought that Iran would use its nuclear weapons to attack the United States, 79.9 per cent voted â€Å"yes† while only 12 per cent voted â€Å"no† and the remainder of the people either did not know or were not sure. This realization goes to show that the American people view Iran as an unwelcome threat. Israel Israel has a democratic government with a prime minister as the head of government. It is also famous for its long-standing conflict over land boundaries and annexation with the Palestinians. Over the years, the United States has been in a position to build a relationship with Israel as an important ally in the Middle East region, where most of the Arab states hold it in low regard. However, the United States has changed the form of assistance given to Israel from economic to military aid due to the impact that the continued economic aid has on the financial health of the American econo my. The United States views Israel as an important ally for even though it is a small nation, it has a strong military standing in the region as evident from its annexation of East Jerusalem. The two states also share a common adversary and perceived threat in Iran. In a Gallup’s 2009 survey, Israel ranked seventh out of a total on nineteen countries. The American people gave it a favorable rating of 63 per cent against an unfavorable rating of 29 per cent, which was an improvement from an earlier favorable rating of 59 per cent and unfavorable rating of 30 per cent from a general opinion survey carried out in 2003. In a separate survey in September 2011 carried out by the Independent Media Review analysis, in response of whether they thought Iran would use its nuclear weapons on Israel, 75.5 per cent of the people interviewed said ‘yes’ while 12.8 per cent responded with a ‘no’. In the same survey, when giving opinions on whether Israel should enlis t the military to ward off Iran from coming up nuclear weapons, 57 per cent said ‘yes’ in 2009 and the same percentage was reflective in 2011. Those who responded with a ‘no’ in 2009 formed 32 per cent of the vote and 31 per cent in 2009. However, in a survey carried out in 2012 by AJC, only 37 per cent of the respondents supported an attack on Iran by Israel. This data indicates that Americans show a favorable attitude towards Israel and they would support it in an invasion on Iran in case of a nuclear threat to either Israel or the US. China Since the 1978 economic reforms, China has become the world’s largest growing major economy and the second largest economy both by gross domestic product ratings and purchasing power parity. Relations between the US and China are complicated as they are neither enemies nor allies. However, they have a long-standing stable relationship built mainly on economic and military interactions. China compares to the Uni ted States in numerous aspects in terms of economy and military. Therefore, China and the US view each other as competitors. In addition to being trade partners, both states share common views in matters regarding terrorism and nuclear weapons development. In Gallup’s 2009 poll, China ranked tenth out of nineteen countries, with a favorable vote of 41 per cent and an unfavorable poll of 51 per cent. However, in a separate poll conducted in November 2012 by the Pew Research Centre, 65 per cent of interviewees were of the opinion that both countries have good relations, with 29 per cent holding the view that relations between the two states are bad. Sixty six percent of the people saw China as a competitor while 15 per cent and 16 per cent were of the view that the two countries are partners and enemies respectively. The poll also revealed that 68 per cent of Americans did not consider China as a trust worthy nation while 26 per cent were of the view that it was trustworthy to a fair extent. Fifty nine per cent of the people were more concerned with China’s economic strength than military strength, while 28 per cent were of the contrary opinion. The main aspect revealed in the survey was that even though most Americans viewed relations between the two countries as good, a majority of the interviewees were suspicious of China’s relations with the US, with 56 per cent of the people unsettled by its economic strength rather than military strength. Canada Canada and the US have had a longstanding relationship that has traversed a millennium. Both countries engaged in a military collaboration that started during the World War II, and continued throughout the Cold War and it is still evident to date. They are good economic partners and their relationship that is cemented further by migration and tourism. Foreign policies in both countries are similar and closely aligned, thus easing the interactions between the two countries. However, there have b een policies that Canada seems to disagree on such as the United States’ policies on terrorism, missile defense, and whether the Northwest passage is part of Canadian territory or on international waters. Regardless of those issues, American’s view Canada as a favorite in terms of relations, as the 2009 Gallup poll indicates. Canada was at the top of the list of nineteen countries with 90 per cent of the respondents in the survey giving it a 90 per cent favorable vote and only 6 per cent voting unfavorably. According to the 2009 report on the survey, Canada had held the top position for the four previous years by scoring a 92 per cent favorable vote in 2008. Analysis and conclusion From the surveys conducted, Canada was the favorite of the six countries to the American people, while they voted Iran as the least favorite in terms of general opinion. Iran and Israel have attracted the most attention, with the issue of concern being Iran’s potential for nuclear wea pons and whether Israel, an ally of the US, should attack Iran in order to prevent or halt the development of nuclear weapons. The main study area was governance with the trend of the majority of the opinions being prejudicial, with the relationship history between the US and the six countries forming the basis of these opinions. China got a different focus, with the people viewing it as more of an economic threat than a military threat. The majority of the opinions were predominantly negative with Canada being the only exception as far as unfavorable votes are concerned. A majority of the opinions given were interventionist with the focus being the United States’ interests in the countries and votes swaying toward the countries that indicated favorable interests for the US.

Compliment vs Complement

Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement By Ali Hale I had an email at work recently which read â€Å"This new software will compliment the existing system.† Can you spot what’s wrong with that sentence? If you get confused by the difference between compliment and complement, or if you’re unsure which to use when, read on. Compliment Merriam-Webster defines a compliment as â€Å"an expression of esteem, respect, affection, or admiration; especially : an admiring remark†. It comes from Middle French, via the Italian complimento, and the Spanish cumplimiento, which originates from the Latin verb cumplir: to be courteous. For example: I was trying to pay that girl a compliment, but she ignored me. Sometimes he blushes when you offer him a compliment. In the plural, compliments can also mean best wishes. It is often used as â€Å"with compliments† such as on a compliments slip (a small piece of letter-headed paper, often used by companies for a quick note to a customer or client when a full sheet would be too large.) You also see the phrase â€Å"with compliments of the season† in greetings cards. The verb â€Å"to compliment† is very similar, meaning â€Å"to pay a compliment to†. Note that it is a transitive verb so must have an object. For example: Are you trying to compliment me, or trying to insult me? When he complimented the girl on her dress, his friends laughed at him. Complimentary The adjective complimentary is closely related to the word compliment, and in this context it can mean either â€Å"expressing or containing a compliment† or â€Å"favourable† (Merriam-Webster): My mother made some very complimentary remarks about my choice of shoes. The new restaurant has a very complimentary write-up in the local newspaper. Complimentary also has the meaning â€Å"free†, when something is given as a courtesy or favour: Please accept these complimentary tickets. I thought that the mini-bar was complimentary, but we were charged for our drinks. Complement The word complement comes from the same root as complete. It has nothing to do with being courteous, and comes directly from Middle English, from the Latin word complementum. Merriam-Webster’s first definition is â€Å"something that fills up, completes, or makes perfect†, and it can also be used to mean â€Å"the quantity, number, or assortment required to make a thing complete†, though can sound a little odd or old-fashioned in this context: We had the full complement of pots and pans. Our store does not have enough employees to work the required complement of hours. Complement is often used in scientific, technical or academic areas of discourse, where the complement of X supplies what X is missing, thus making a complete whole. Examples of this usage are: Complement good (economics) Complementary colour (art) You can find a fuller list in Wikipedias entry for the term Complement. In everyday writing, complement is more often used as a verb. Again, it is a transitive verb: The illustrations complement the text. Our new software will complement the existing product. So, my email correspondent should have written that â€Å"This new software will complement the existing system.† But I suspect she wouldn’t have replied to compliment me if I’d written back to point out the mistake†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Types of Plots

Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Health - Essay Example In nutrition the method can be applied to develop nutrient recommendations, functions of nutrients and learn the role of nutrition in promotion of health and prevention of disease. Food additives are substances that become part of a food product when they are added during processing of the food product. There are direct and indirect food additives. Indirect food additives are found in foods after or during they are made. Indirect additives are not put in the food purposely and are present in the final products in small portions. Direct food additives can be man-made or natural. They are added during the processing of food. The direct additives are added to add nutrients to food products, aid process of foods, keep the final product fresh and make the food appealing. The functions of these additives include smoothness of food, preservation of nutrient value, maintenance of wholesomeness of foods, controls the acid-base balance of foods and above all to enhance the flavor of the food

Group project discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group project discussion - Essay Example f the applications can be applied to gain a competitive advantage in the market and to reap higher profits through either cost cutting or making higher revenues. Below, each of these applications is discussed along with its benefits and challenges of implementation. Customers are the main focus of SWU who they must treat with care, respect and value so that they keep returning to buy home decorations. The aim of a CRM system is to deliver the company’s services in such a way that it builds goodwill and customer loyalty. It is an interactive process that turns customer information into positive customer relationships. By offering â€Å"the right product (or service), to the right customer, at the right place, at the right time through the right channel, to satisfy the customer’s need or desire† customer loyalty, customer retention and customer profitability can be built (Swift, 2001). Today the emphasis of marketing has shifted towards 1 to 1 marketing and thus CRM now caters to needs of the customers by giving them customized products and services. Deploying CRM software from well known vendors including Siebel, SAP and Oracle, even large organizations are reaping enormous profits. CRM has grown into a business need and SWU can gain more market share by implementing it to cater to its small customer base. (Turban et al., 2005) While CRM systems cater to the customer side, SCM is involved at maintaining healthy relationships with the company’s suppliers and improving its supply side processes. Being a manufacturer of home decoration goods, SWU needs supplies and inventories of raw materials at the manufacturing times. Inventory management, costing, production and maintaining friendly relationships with the suppliers all comes under the domain of SCM. However in a competitive world, only this is not enough. The company needs to collaborate and share its information with the suppliers making them business partners to achieve the necessary integration required

Customer Value Essay Example for Free

Customer Value Essay Customer Value can be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the customer gets from the product/service and what he or she has to exchange in order to get it (may be money). It is very important for any company in the market to understand this difference; if failed to do so, this can be one of the biggest reasons for the product/service failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and social media the organization’s inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. Keeping its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their customer valuing. However, this can also be one of the most difficult things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we will focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, every customer values different product/service differently. It might be situational or might be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself! Technology and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which make it difficult for organization to bring in customer value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word â€Å"Customer Value† concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, â€Å"Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Which means – if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price will not be considered as of value by the customers, just like a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price; but a value of a product is only seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their expectation at an affordable price. Let’s take an example of coffee; some people love to drink coffee at Starbucks which may cost $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. Now, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which worth (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customer’s expectation. Different researchers have defined â€Å"customer value† in different ways but it all revolves around words like â€Å"benefits†, â€Å"satisfaction†, â€Å"expectation† and â€Å"worth†. If a company who wants to understand â€Å"customer value† for their product/service they need to understand more about these words with respect to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries it’s difficult to find synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize â€Å"customer value† in marketing their product can only be done by learning their â€Å"customers† and â€Å"market†. These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customer’s change is inevitable Customer’s needs or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile plan that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone customers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users. Further to this, a customer’s needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customer’s needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when he’s a father. (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation. At every point of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system to understand or to foresee customer’s need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customer’s needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs look at their products/services through customer’s point of view (Don Peppers Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customer’s situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers. Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customer’s value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. Traditional human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to embrace self-service technologies which can create discomfort among some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000). There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing accept the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecommunication provider. The call keeps bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to visit banks personally for some services. This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 Lynch Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get information about the various products using internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends. Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customer’s expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the company’s current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung III (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didn’t reach its expected sales mark. Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customer’s expectations and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customer’s needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customer’s needs through employee’s perspective (or sales point of view) and not customer’s perspective. Now this â€Å"guessed† customer’s needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customer’s needs. This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customer’s needs. Customers were finding it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era. Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customer’s needs by proper findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously train their employees on the market and customer variations. Conclusion:  There are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customer’s psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that â€Å"The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch hole†. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Invisible Man Essay: Ellisons Influences and Inspirations

Ellison's Influences and Inspirations for Invisible Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All authors draw upon past experiences, people they have known, places they have been, as well as their own philosophy of life to write.   Ralph Ellison, in his book Shadow and Act refers to this process when he writes, "The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike" (xix).   In preparing to write his novel he notes that, "[d]etails of old photographs and rhymes and riddles and children's games, church services and college ceremonies, practical jokes and political activities observed during my prewar days in Harlem-all fell into place" (xxvii).   While the novel Invisible Man is not autobiographical, the plot, settings, characters, themes, and point of view show the influence of people, places, and stories from his childhood.    A case in point is the plot of Invisible Man.   The plot is divided into three main divisions: Invisible Man's school days, his involvement with the Brotherhood, and what happens to him during the Harlem race riot.   Ellison draws heavily on his years spent at the Tuskeegee Institute for the first part of the novel.   Jack Bishop, in his book Ralph Ellison maintains that all of Invisible Man's college days are based on Ellison's own days at Tuskeegee (45).  Ã‚      Most critics agree that the Brotherhood is a euphemism for the Communist Party which was active in the US from the beginning of the 1920s.   In an article entitled "Communist Party of the United States" in the Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, Robin D. G. Kelly reports that the popularity of the party among Blacks was due to its work to end racism and its support of Blac... ...lph. Invisible Man. New York: The Modern Library, 1994.   ---. Shadow and Act. New York: Vintage Books, 1972. Fabre, Michael. "Wright Richard." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed. Hill, Robert A. "Garvey, Marcus Mosiah." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Kelly, Robin D.G. "Communist Party of the United States." Encyclopaedia of African-American   Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Lawler, Mary. Marcus Garvey. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. O'Meally, Robert G. "Ellison, Ralph." Encyclopedia of   African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Smock, Raymond W. "Washington,Booker Taliaferro." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.   Tate, Gayle T. "Harlem Riots of 1935 and 1943." Encyclopaedia of African-American Culture and History. 1996 ed.  Ã‚  

The Kenya Flourspar

The fluorite (CaF2) deposits were discovered by prof. Al Amin in 1967 in the areas of Kimwarer, Choff and Kamnaon. He was searching for semi-precious stones, and initially mistook the purple fluorite for gemstone. He therefore collected the sample and took them for analysis in Mombasa. It was later found to be fluorite.A hand-mining operation was started and the fluorspar was supplied to the Bamburi Portland Cement Company in Mombasa. At its peak, the operation, which relied on donkeys to transport the fluorspar, produced around 400 tons per month of high grade fluorspar. In 1971 the Fluorspar Company of Kenya (FCK) was established, under the auspices of the Kenya government, to exploit the deposits on a larger scale. Crushing and jigging plants were later put up at mining site for large scale production of the metallurgical grade. Kenya fluorspar was a state parastatal upto 1996 when it was privatized.It is currently owned by local and foreign investors. The company has seven active mining sites available from which ore can be mined depending on the grade and quality required. In 2003 the company obtained made a major investment in earth-moving equipment and plant upgrading. The deposit has been commercially mined since 1971. Initially, metallurgical grade fluorspar was produced. In 1975 a 100,000 ton per annum acid grade fluorspar concentrator was commissioned and by 1979 metallurgical grade fluorspar was no longer produced as primary product, but can still be produced as secondary product for smaller consignments.The Kimwarer ore deposit has now been mined for over 35 years It is an EPZ (Export processing zone). LOCATION Kenya Fluorspar is a concern based in the Kerio Valley in the district of Eldoret and Iten. FORMATION OF FLOURITE (CaF2) The fluorite is an industrial mineral formed 150 to 200 million years ago. It is formed by replacement reaction known as mesomatism. The magma or hot water containing fluorine and other minerals was forced up from deep wit hin the Earth. When this brine reached the calcium rich, limestone bedrock (CaCO3), fluorite crystals formed along the walls of fractures and voids in the rock.Flat layers of fluorite also formed parallel to the limestone beds, replacing the host rock. The fluorine replaced the CO32- from the CaCO3 to form CaF2. The CO32- was dissipated as CO2 and water. This process is further elaborated in equation below: Ca2- + F22- CaF2 (fluorite) GEOLOGY AND OCURRENCE Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a halide mineral composed of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral with a cubic habit, though octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon. Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal.The fluorite deposits are believed to be of hydrothermal origin in the Post-Miocene era when lavas formed a protective cap over Precambrian rocks in the area. The main deposit of fluorite is located at Kimwarer and is exposed on a series of five hills, four of which have been mined. Two other minor deposits knows as Choff and Kamnaon are approximately 2 to 5 km north of the present mine site and have been partially mined in the past for the production of metallurgical-grade spar. The Kimwarer ore bodies contain by far the largest ore reserves. The ore body contacts are distinct due to the buff colour of the ore in contrast to he grey gneiss, white marbles or pegmatites. Typically the fluorite is finely crystalline and disseminated through a siliceous matrix. Zones of high grade ore are often purplish or creamy yellow in colour with cavities filled with distinct cubic crystals. The Choffs have two ore bodies running parallel to each other for more than 3 km. The Choffs are separated by ridges and dips. The ore body pinches and swells and its width varies between 4 metres and 26 metres. This ore is soft and friable hence easy liberation in the plant and provides a good yield. The phosphate in this vein is medium to high.The Kamnaon ore bod y has more than five partly parallel veins with varying dips of between 35-45 degrees. There are a number of other sites which are yet to be explored. The Fluorite at Kerio Valley occur as a vein deposit, especially associated with galena, sphalerite, barite, quartz, calcite and metallic minerals, where they often form part of the gangue (the surrounding â€Å"host-rock† in which valuable minerals occur). It is a common mineral in deposits of hydrothermal origin and has been noted as a primary mineral in granites and other igneous rocks and as a common minor constituent of dolostone and limestone.The deposit at Kerio Valley is steeply diping at 40o, with strike varying with mine: Mine| Strike| Percentage CaF2| No. of mines| mines operating| Cheberen| North-South| 37%| 1-6| 1and3| Kamnaum| North west-South east| 40%| 1-5| 1| Choff| East-West| 50%| 1-12| 6and9| The deposit is stratified from Kamnaum to Cheberen1. The fluorite is polychromous i. e occurs in different colours dep ending on the trace elements. The different colours include: * Colourless * Orange * Green * Purple * Base yellow. GRADES OF FLOURSPAR The fluorite can be processed into grades depending on the use: 1.Acid grade: This grade is used in the manufacture of Hydrofluoric acid (HF). 2. Metallurgical grade: This grade is used as flux in steel and cement industry. 3. Ceramic grade: This grade is used in the manufacture of ceramics. Only the acid grade is currently produced by Kenya Fluorspar. Metallurgical grade was also produced but stopped. MAJOR IMPURITIES AVAILABLE IN FLUORITE 1. Silica (silicon dioxide), SiO2 2. Calcite (calcium carbonate), CaCO3 3. Phosphorus pentaoxide , P2O5 4. Iron(III)oxide, Fe2O3 STAGES IN MINING AND PROCESSIG OF FLOURITE (CaF2) 1. Exploration 2. Overburden removal 3. Mining . Processing EXPLORATION This is normally done to obtain sufficient information about the deposit in order to enable a safe and economic design and to avoid difficulties during mining of the fluorite. The Kenya Fluorspar utilizes the diamond core drilling machine to obtain the drill cores. This machine can drill upto 140m-180m depth. The drill cores are then logged upto beyond the fluorite zones. The drill cores are then taken to laboratory for testing. The cores undergo through assessment, determination and classification. Diamond core drilling equipment. LAND CLEARING AND OVERBURDEN REMOVALLAND CLEARING This involves the removal of all the trees and stumps including the roots from the mining site. In Kenya Fluorspar, currently land clearing and overburden removal is done at choff 9. The main equipment used for land clearing at choff9 is a D355 Komatsu tractor-mounted dozer. The brush is disposed by dumping in gullies. D355 dozer. OVERBURDEN REMOVAL This involves the removal waste soil or rock that overlies the ore. At Kenya Fluorspar the overburden depth depends on the stripping ratio and dipping angle. Dozer is the main equipment used for stripping the overburden at choff 9.This equipment pushes the overburden over the high wall. After the overburden has been stripped by the dozer, it is loaded onto trucks by a hydraulic hoe excavator for dumping in gullies. The waste is then pushed into gullies by the D355 dozer. Overburden is removed at a ratio of 3:1 to 8:1 (waste to ore) depending on the ore body, with over 700,000 tons of waste being stripped per annum at current production levels. Overburden is normally trucked away using 25 ton trucks provided by contractors. Overburden stripping continues until the fluorite is exposed. ORE EXTRACTION (MINING) Mining is by open cast methods.The exposed ore is extracted by drilling and blasting. A total of approximately 360,000 tons of ore is mined annually. The geology has indicated that the ore body extends beneath the valley floor level and an open pit is being planned. Drilling and blasting The Kenya Fluorspar utilizes two types of drilling equipment (rig) to drill holes. These include: 1. Down the ho le hammer (DTH). This is mainly used in solid hard formations. The hammer is just behind the bit. 2. Top hammer drill rig (TH). This is mainly used in loose formations. The hammer is on top of the drill string (pipes).Crawler mounted DTHTop hammer drill rig The drill pattern to be applied depends on the: 1. Size of the drill bit to be used. 2. Geological condition of the area. All the bits are 102mm The drill pattern is square, 3m by 3m (burden by spacing) when there is a free face and staggered in absence of a free face. The depth of the drill holes differs, with most holes 10m and others 7m and 4m. Subdrilling is normally 3m. Both the DTH and TH are crawler mounted with TH complete with compressor mounted on it. Kenya Fluorspar has 3 operating crawler mounted drilling machines (2 DTH and 1 TH).BLASTING This operation involves the following stages: 1. Preparation of ANFO 2. Hole charging 3. Initiation of explosives PREPARATION OF ANFO This involves mixing the ammonium nitrate with fuel (diesel) in the ratio 0. 075ml of diesel for every 1kg of ammonium nitrate. This operation is done by an explosive mixer in Kenya Fluorspar. HOLE CHARGING This process involves placing booster/ primer at the bottom of the drilled hole. The boosters normally used include: cast booster, pentolite booster and gelignite. The Kenya fluorspar utilizes the pentolite booster for the priming purposes.Before placing the primer it is connected to a detonator. These detonators include: 1. Plain detonators 2. Instantaneous electric detonators. After placing the primer, ANFO is added depending on the hole depth as shown in the table below: Hole depth| Height of ANFO| Stemming| 10m| 7m| 3m| 7m| 5. 5m| 1. 5m| 4m| 3. 5m| 0. 5m| These holes charged are then connected by 25MS (millisecond) nonel shock tubes, short period detonating delay (SPDD) type. The rows are connected by 17MS surface trunk lines (also nonel shock tubes). The nonel shock tube has the following advantages: 1.Produces low noise and vibration 2. It has less fly rock. It is because of the above advantages that make it useful near factory where less vibration are required. The nonel shock tube is very expensive. INITIATION OF EXPLOSION Once charging is complete the explosion can be initiated depending on the detonator used. Initiation can be done using the following: 1. Safety fuse which burns at a rate of 2 minutes per metre. This is used incase of plain detonators 2. Blasting machine incase of electric detonators. Secondary blasting is also done incase large boulders are produced in the primary blasting.Large boulders can also be broken using the rock breakers. LOADING AND HAULAGE The blasted ore is loaded into trucks by an hydraulic excavator (Komatsu) hoe. The loaded ore is hauled a short distance of between 2 km and 7 km by contracted trucks to the crushing plant. These trucks range from 10tons to 20tons. The ore stock pilled separately depending on the source. PROCESSING OF FLOURITE (CaF2) The processi ng of fluorite at the processing plant involves the following stages: 1. Blending 2. Crushing 3. Grinding 4. Conditioning 5. Floatation 6. Thickening 7. filtration 8. Stock pillingBLENDING Blending in normally done at the primary crusher by a wheel loader before feeding into the crusher in ratio of: 2cheberen:1choff:1kamnaum This blending ratio ensures that the feed is 40% CaF2 CRUSHING Types of crushers 1. Primary crusher: Jaw crusher 2. Secondary crusher: cone crusher 3. Tertiary crusher: cone crusher PRIMARY CRUSHING The ore feed to the hopper through a 12in grizzly screen. It is then feed to the primary crusher through an apron feeder and belt conveyor. The ore is first crushed in a primary stage crushing plant from a feed of 350 mm to less than 30mm in size.The ore that is less than 60mm but more than 30mm is passed through the cone crusher where it is further reduced to less than 30mm. Any material that is more than 30mm is passed through the tertiary crusher. GRINDINGTypes mi lls used in Kenya Fluorspar 1. Rod mill 2. Ball mill 3. Re-grind mill. It is then conveyed to the grinding circuit where the material is added to a rod mill along with water to form slurry. The rod mill instantly grinds the ore after which it is sized using a hydrocyclone. Any oversized material is passed to the ball mill for a further grinding to the desired size of 80%.The ore is now ready for conditioning and flotation. CONDITIONINGThis process takes place in the conditioner. This where the depressants and collectors are added. 1. Depressants a) Sodium fluorite which depresses the P2O5 b) Sodium bifluorite which also depresses the P2O5 2. Collectors a) Betacol b) TapiocaThis process renders the fluorite hydrophobic by the addition of a surfactant or collector chemical. FLOATATIONFlotation is the process that concentrates the ore. This is done by agitating the ore slurry in cells with air bubbles.By adding a combination of fatty acid reagents, the fluorspar in the ore attaches its elf to the air bubble to float to the top of the cell. This product is skimmed off leaving the waste in the bottom of the cell. The process is conducted in a series of rougher, scavenger, and cleaner cells that successively concentrates the ore from 40% CaF2 in the feed material to a minimum of 97. 0% CaF2 in the final concentrate. The water in the final product is then removed in a thickener and a rotary drum filter. This produces a filter cake concentrate containing approximately 11. % moisture. The samples are analyzed in the company's assay and research laboratory. The waste product is pumped to the tailings dam and settled water is recycled to the plant for reuse. A FLOATATION CELLPERCENTAGE CaF2 CONCENTRATED PER SERIES OF FLOATATION CELL FLOATATION CELL| PERCENTAGE CaF2 CONCENTRATED| ROUGHER CELLS| 80%| SCAVANGER CELLS | 85%-87%| CLEANER CELLS| 97%| FLOATATION CIRCUITDEWATERINGThe water in the final product is then removed in a thickener and a rotary drum filter. This produces a filter cake concentrate containing approximately 11. % moistureTHICKENER ROTARY DRUM FILTEROperational Sequence * Cake Formation With the overflow weir set to a maximum the â€Å"apparent submergence† is normally 33-35% so the slurry levels between 0400 and 0800 hrs. Once a sector enters submergence vacuum is applied and a cake starts to form up to a point where the sector emerges from the slurry. The portion of the cycle available for formation is the â€Å"effective submergence† and its duration depends on the number of sectors, the slurry level in the tank and the bridge setting which controls the form to dry ratio. Cake Washing and Drying After emerging from submergence the drying portion of the cycle commences and for non-wash applications continues to about 0130 hrs where the vacuum is cut-off. If cake washing is required the wash manifolds will be located from about 1030 to 1130 hrs and the remaining time to vacuum cut-off at 0130 is the portion allocated to final cake drying. * Cake Discharge After vacuum for the entire sector is cut-off air blow commences at about 0200 hrs in order to facilitate cake discharge.The blow, depending on the position of the tip of the scraper blade, will cut-off at approximately 0300 hrs. Drum filters are normally operated with a low pressure blow but on certain applications a snap blow is applied and to avoid the snapping out of the caulking bars or ropes wire winding of the cloth is recommended . Blow is used on scraper and roll discharge mechanisms but on belt discharge filters vacuum cuts-off when the filter media leaves the drum. The final product has composition shown in the table below: PRODUCT| PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION| Fluorite, CaF2| More than 97%|Silica, SiO2| Less than 1%| Carbonate, CaCO3| Less than 1%| Iron III oxide, Fe2O3| Neglible| Phosphorus penta oxide, P2O5| Less than 0. 5%| TAILINGS DAMTailings, also called slimes, tails, leach residue, or slickens, are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fluorite from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of the ore. These are the wastes from the floatation cells. Tailings are distinct from overburden or waste rock, which are the materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed.The tailing are pumped from the processing plant to the to tailings dam for disposal. The height is about 15m and dimensions are 150m by 30m. it is trapezoidal in shape. The dam also has drain pipes to remove the seepage water. Hydraulic cyclones are used to build the dam. The cyclones separate the tailings into fine and coarse material. The coarse materiel from the cyclone underflow is used to build the wall of the dam will the material and water is disposed into the dam. The water is recycled and pumped back for reuse into the factory. The will built until the dam touches the adjacent hill.LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROLL SECTIONThe company conducts two types of tests – chemi cal and metallurgical. The chemical section performs wet chemistry analysis (mainly titration) and operates 24 hrs a day throughout the year and each shift is headed by a qualified chemist. The metallurgical section mainly concentrates on research and development work. The sample (pellet) is subjected to an XRF machine which scans the sample imparting energy to it. The sample then radiates heat of various wavelengths. The wavelengths are analyzed by a computer program which displays the information instantly on the screen.Strict quality control of run-of-mine ore, exploration and final product analysis is maintained by sampling. KFC prides itself in the quality of its assays, which are always crosschecked with those of European laboratories, namely SGS (Netherlands), HOFF and BSI in the United States. Weight sampling and analysis:   All analyses are being performed by SGS Kenya Ltd (Swiss company) at the cost of the company. Apparatus in the laboratory: a) Two Jaw crushers (14in. and12in. ) b) Pulverizer c) Oven for drying d) Splitter e) XRF machine f) Analytical balance g)A pilot plantSample preparation i. Drying ii. Splitting iii. Crushing iv. Pulverizing. CARGO CONDITIONThe fluorite is Chemically inert, non-reactive, non-flammable, non-hazardous mineral sand. No hazard labelling required in accordance with IMO regulations. No special precautions for storage however, in order to maintain the purity of the material, it must not be allowed to be contaminated by any other material as it is used as the base product in sensitive chemical processes to produce other products and substances.TRANSPORT Once the acid spar is produced, the fluorspar is loaded into 10 ton trucks and hauled to the railway siding at Kaptagat, a distance of 37km. From here it is loaded into 36 ton rail wagons for the 860 km journey to the Mbaraki wharf at Mombasa. The wagons are offloaded at the wharf where the fluorspar is stockpiled and covered while awaiting shipment. The storage capac ity at Mbaraki is approximately 25,000 tons. The process of off-loading of wagons and trucks is labour intensive by means of manual labour.Loading of the vessels is conducted using an automatic Demag Ship Loader, owned and operated by Bamburi Portland Cement Company. An average rate of 2,500 tons per day can be loaded on a continuous basis even on public holidays. The quantity loaded and moisture analyses are conducted by an independent surveyor on a continuous basis to ensure a representative result of the product loaded. Since Mombasa is one of the main ports in East Africa, chartering of vessels to carry bulk cargoes to any destination in the world can be easily arranged. |